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Unemployment & Inflation ECO 120 Macroeconomics Week 10 Lecturer
Dr. Rod Duncan
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Topics Definition of unemployment. Types of unemployment. Costs of unemployment. Definition of inflation. Types of inflation. Impacts of inflation. Relationship between unemployment and inflation- the Phillips Curve.
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Unemployment A person becomes unemployed if he or she is a: Job loser
Job leaver New entrant or re-entrant into the labour force He or she is no longer unemployed if: Hired or recalled Withdraws from the labour force
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Labour Force Participation Rate
Population Working age population Labour Force Participation Rate Labour Force Employed / Unemployed Unemployment Rate
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Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR)
Proportion of country’s population that takes part in its economic activities directly (either actually taking part or willing to) ( / ) Labour Force Working Age Population X 100
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Labour Force Participation, 1978-2005
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Labour Force Participation by Sex at Ages 35-44
Males Females
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Unemployment Rate (UR)
Proportion of country’s labour force that is unemployed. ( / ) Number Unemployed Labour Force X 100
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Unemployment,
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Aged looking for full-time work Total Unemployment Aged 20 & over seeking full-time work
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Types of Unemployment Cyclical unemployment Frictional (or search) unemployment Structural (technological) unemployment
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Cyclical Unemployment
Associated with the ups and downs of the business cycle Reflects shifts in AD or AS curves. High during recessions and low during booms. Fiscal and monetary policies can reduce cyclical unemployment - policies are relevant.
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Unemployment over the Business Cycle (1965- 1995)
Change in GDP
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Frictional Unemployment
Associated with the period of time in which people are searching for jobs, being interviewed and waiting to commence duties. It is inevitable and always exist Fiscal and monetary policies can not reduce frictional unemployment – macroeconomic policies are irrelevant. Policies that make it easier to find new jobs will affect frictional unemployment.
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Structural Unemployment
Associated with wider structural or technological changes in the economy that may make some jobs redundant. It is inevitable and always exist Lasts longer than frictional unemployment Fiscal and monetary policies can not reduce structural unemployment – macroeconomic policies are irrelevant. Policies that encourage workers to retrain skills or to move to a new area with more jobs will decrease structural unemployment.
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Full Employment Full employment means when all productive resources in the economy are in full use - implies no cyclical unemployment - still frictional and structural unemployment exist - they can be low - but can never be zero. The full-employment rate of unemployment is called the natural rate of unemployment equals the sum of frictional and structural unemployment cyclical unemployment = zero Domestic output consistent with the natural rate of unemployment is potential output or full employment level of GDP
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Other Employment Issues
Part-time employment - very high in Australia in recent years. Discouraged workers or the “hidden unemployed” Those who become discouraged and drop out of the labour force temporarily - would return if a suitable job prospect arose Discourage workers, participation rate and the unemployment rate
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Cost of Unemployment Economic cost
output foregone, measured in terms of the loss of potential GDP - Okun’s law quantifies the relationship between the unemployment rate and the GDP gap - for every 1% of unemployment (over the natural rate) 3.5% of GDP loss in Australia. Underemployment High budget costs Social Costs Increase in crime rate, abuse etc. Physical & mental illness Unlikely to develop work ethics
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Classical Employment Theory
Economy always operates under full employment - it is automatic and self sustaining - if there is any unemployment that is only temporary Price-wage flexibility the assumption that all prices, including wages and interest rates, are flexible and will, rapidly adjust to remove disequilibria
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AD-AS in the Classical Theory
Vertical aggregate supply curve exclusively determines level of real domestic output Stable down-sloping aggregate demand exclusively determines price level
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Classical View of Unemployment
ASLR = AS P1 Price Level P2 AD1 AD2 Q1 Real Domestic Output
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Keynesian View of AD - AS
Full employment is not automatic - unemployment exists for longer periods - the Great Depression of the 1930s - sticky wages and prices. Horizontal aggregate supply curve during recession - ‘recessionary’ or ‘Keynesian’ range Change in AD impacts on unemployment - not on price level. Unstable aggregate demand - especially investment demand management and stabilisation policies by the government are essential
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Keynesian View of Unemployment
ASLR AS P1 Price Level AD1 AD2 Q2 Q1 Real Domestic Output
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Current year index - Previous year
Inflation We measure the general price level through a price index such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) Inflation is a continuous rise in the general price level Inflation rate Current year index - Previous year index Previous year index x 100 =
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Inflation in Australia (1970-2003)
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Types of Inflation Demand-Pull Inflation Cost-Push Inflation
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Demand-Pull Inflation
Occurs when an increase in AD pulls up the price level Excess demand for output - increase in AD - AD shifts rightward - AS does not change in the short run - movement along the AS curve - price level increases - GDP increases May be caused by expansionary fiscal and monetary policies - can be cured by contractionary policies.
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Demand-Pull Inflation - Short run
ASLR AS1 Price Level An increase in aggregate demand.... Increases the price level and output in the short run P2 b P1 a AD2 AD1 Real GDP o Q1
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Cost-Push Inflation Occurs when an increase in the cost of production at each price level shifts the AS curve leftward resulting in increased prices Short-run: Increased prices and decreased real output (and more unemployment) Wage push : increase in wage rate - power of trade unions Supply shocks - increase in prices of major raw materials - oil etc. Profit push : increase in profit requirement of large monopoly businesses.
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Cost-Push Inflation Price Level Real GDP o ASLR AS2 AS1 Cost-push
inflation occurs when aggregate supply shifts left.... Causing a higher price level b Price Level P2 P1 a AD1 Real GDP o Q1
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Cost-Push Inflation and Demand Management
Government intervention (AD): If government intervenes to increase AD an inflationary spiral will result No Government intervention (AD): If government does not intervene to increase AD severe recession will result, however nominal wages will eventually decline and will restore AS to original position
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Cost-Push Inflation Price Level Real GDP o ASLR AS2 AS1 An attempt to
increase AD will only further increase the price level P3 c b Price Level P2 P1 a AD1 Real GDP o Q1 Q2
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Stagflation Simultaneous experience of high and increasing unemployment and inflation - cost-push inflation. Caused by : Aggregate supply shocks such as severe increases in fuel costs, and devaluations Productivity decline Inflationary expectations and wages - expectations about the likely future path and rate of increase of the general price level
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Types of Inflation in Australia
: Cost push - caused by international oil price rise. 1979 : cost-push - caused by international oil price rise. : cost push - caused by rapidly rising wages. In early 1993, RBA changed its policy to inflation targeting - 2% - 3% a year - initially caused a recession & rise in unemployment
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Impacts of Inflation Anticipated (expected) and unanticipated (unexpected) inflation. Anticipated inflation is not a big problem - economy adjusts automatically. Unanticipated inflation redistributes income between : employers and employees lenders and borrowers
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Phillips Curve Suggests an inverse relationship (or a trade-off) between inflation and the unemployment rate Named after A W Phillips who originally discovered the relationship between unemployment and nominal wages, using British data in 1950s. In general, inflation is associated with economic expansion and unemployment with economic recession. During expansion : the greater the rate of growth of AD - inflation is high - unemployment is low. During recession : the slower the rate of growth of AD - inflation is low - unemployment is high.
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The Phillips Curve Annual rate of inflation (percent)
7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Annual rate of inflation (percent) Unemployment rate (percent)
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Implications of Phillips Curve
Trade-off suggests : a rise in inflation should lead to a decline in unemployment, and vice versa. In general, both can not be brought down to the minimum level. The society must make a choice between low inflation and low unemployment.
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Phillips Curve in Australia
1977 1983 1970 1993 2003
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Shifting Phillips Curve
The smooth relationship may not be valid in the long-run - Conflicts with the trade-offs embodied in the Phillips Curve Vertical Phillips Curve - at full employment level, only price level changes Simultaneous high and increasing unemployment and inflation - may lead to shifts in the curve
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