1. ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Objectives Compare organic versus inorganic compounds. Describe the unique properties of carbon including formation of 4 covalent bonds, polymerization, carbon chains, and introduce carbon cycle. (IPC TEKS 7D) Describe the basic structure and function of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Identify and describe the 4 types of biochemical molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and their functions in biological systems—CHO focus on glucose polymers including chitin, starch, cellulose, glycogen; Proteins intro enzymes and give common examples including hemoglobin, antibodies, collagen, muscle fibers, hair, nails, and cell fibers actin and myosin; Nucleic acids focus on DNA structure and intro replication; Lipids intro membranes as transition to next unit on Cell structure and transport. (TEK 9A)

2. BIOCHEMISTRY ALL LIVING THINGS ARE COMPOSED OF THE FOLLOWING BASIC ELEMENTS CARBON HYDROGEN OXYGEN NITROGEN A MOLECULE CONTAINING CARBON IS CALLED AN ORGANIC MOLECULE (except CO, CO 2 ) PHOSPHORUS SULFUR aka “CHNOPS”

3. Unique Properties of Carbon Forms 4 covalent bonds (because it has 4 valence electrons that it shares with another bonding atom) Polymerization—the process by which a polymer is formed by linking monomers together through condensation synthesis Carbon chains are formed. Carbon Cycle

4. Plants create glucose (a carbon compound) during photosynthesis and give off oxygen. O 2 is used to oxidize organic molecules in Respiration, CO 2 is byproduct that is returned to the atmosphere

5. Marine organisms use CO 2 to make CaCO 3 shells, then die and turn into limestone that erodes and enters back into the cycle or then fossil fuels are formed, produced, then burned and returned to the atmosphere through combustion. Carbon Cycle

7. THERE ARE 4 BASIC CARBON COMPOUNDS IN ALL LIVING THINGS: (aka BIOCHEMICAL Molecules or ORGANIC Molecules/Compounds) 1. CARBOHYDRATES 2. LIPIDS 4. NUCLEIC ACIDS 3. PROTEINS

8. CARBOHYDRATES INCLUDE SUGARS, STARCHES, & CELLULOSE PROVIDES ENERGY FOR ORGANISMS 4 Calories/gram CHO in 1:2:1 ratio 3 Types: 1.Monosaccharides 2.Disaccharide 3.Polysaccharide Monomer/subunit = monosaccharide. Most end in –ose

10. Examples of Carbohydrate Types Monosaccharides (single sugars) –Glucose, Fructose, Galactose Disaccharides (double sugars) –Sucrose (table sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 fructose –Maltose (malt sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 glucose –Lactose (milk sugar) = 1 glucose + 1 galactose Polysaccharides (many sugars) –Starch –Glycogen –Cellulose

11. Glucose a Monosaccharide –Glucose: C 6 H 12 O 6. Main product of photosynthesis Starting material for cellular respiration—must be converted into the form our cells can use (“ATP”) Basic form of “fuel” in living things Soluble and transported by body fluids to all cells, where is it METABOLIZED to release energy.

12. Polysaccharides: complex carbs Formed by linking many monosaccharides Starches: hundreds of glucose units linked together –Storage for carbohydrates in PLANTS Glycogen: stored in human liver –Thousands of glucose units linked differently than starches in ANIMALS Cellulose: structural carbohydrate (for SUPPORT) –Glucose units, but cannot be released from one another except for a few species of organisms »Wood »Cell walls of plants ***Humans CANNOT digest cellulose!***

13. LIPIDS INCLUDE FATS, OILS, WAXES, PHOSPHOLIPIDS, STEROIDS, CHLOROPHYLL.; made of CHO CARBOHYDRATES MAY BE CONVERTED INTO LIPIDS FOR LONG-TERM ENERGY STORAGE. Monomer/Subunit: 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids “Fat E” 9 Calories/gram FATS -ACT AS INSULATORS WAXES HELP PLANTS CONSERVE WATER OILS - MAKE SOME BIRDS’ FEATHERS WATERPROOF PHOSPHOLIPIDS – MAIN COMPONENT OF CELL MEMBRANE nonpolar molecules so they are not soluble in water

14. Lipids (CHO) fats come in two structures. Saturated fats—NO double bonds between Carbons, Ex. animal fats, solid at room temperature Unsaturated fats—some double bonded C, Ex. plant fats & oils, liquids at room temperature Saturated: C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C Unsaturated C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C

15. PROTEINS MAKE UP OVER HALF THE DRY WEIGHT OF ORGANISMS Include meat, fish, nuts; provide 4 Cal/gram Most complex organic molecules made of CHON Some also contain S, P, Fe, or Cu COMPOSED OF SMALLER MOLECULES/SUBUNITS CALLED AMINO ACIDS There are 20 Amino Acids (or AAs) Each AA is made of An Amine group (NH 2 ) A Carboxyl group (-COOH) A Radical group (-R)

16. Protein Formation Dehydration synthesis –Amino acids form a protein by removal of water –Links are called peptide bonds and small proteins called peptides; larger are polypeptides

17. Protein Functions enzymes that promote chemical reactions structural functions such as collagen in skin, muscle (actin & myosin), ligaments, tendons, and bones proteins found in muscles and hair antibodies (immune system)are also proteins hemoglobin is a protein that carries oxygen in blood

18. NUCLEIC ACIDS LARGE COMPLEX MOLECULES CONTAINING HEREDITY MATERIAL Made of Nucleotides (sugar, phosphate group, & nitrogen base) 1.DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID -D N A (deoxyribose sugar) 2. RIBONUCLEIC ACID- R N A (ribose sugar) D N A CARRIES INSTRUCTIONS THAT REGULATE CELL ACTIVITIES R N A –uses information from DNA to tell the ribosomes what proteins to make.

19. ATP adenosine triphosphate is another important biomolecule. ATP is the energy source used by cells for them to function. Food molecules are broken down and the energy is store temporarily in ATP until it is needed by the cell.