1. Fatih Doner Cadastral Seminar, 7 December 2007, TU Delft Karadeniz Technical University Department of Geodesy and Photogrammetry Trabzon, TURKEY

2. 2 Education BSc 1998 – 2002 BSc 1998 – 2002 MSc 2002 – 2005 MSc 2002 – 2005 PhD 2005 – 3D Cadastre for Turkey PhD 2005 – 3D Cadastre for Turkey Research interests are cadastre, land information systems and relevant GIS applications. Research interests are cadastre, land information systems and relevant GIS applications.

3. 3 Previous researches Determination of needs, possibilities and constrains for 3D cadastre of Turkey. Determination of needs, possibilities and constrains for 3D cadastre of Turkey. Examination of Turkish cadastral system to identify actual needs and problems in registering 3D situations. Examination of Turkish cadastral system to identify actual needs and problems in registering 3D situations. Researching of right and restrictions in the Turkish legislation in relation to vertical dimension of land. Researching of right and restrictions in the Turkish legislation in relation to vertical dimension of land.

4. 4 Turkish cadastre Organizational structure of Turkish Cadastre The Turkish cadastral system includes land registration and cadastral mapping, The Turkish cadastral system includes land registration and cadastral mapping, Cadastral maps are part of the register and cadastral parcels are basic units in the map, Cadastral maps are part of the register and cadastral parcels are basic units in the map, Land registration and cadastral mapping is maintained by one organization: (GDLC), Land registration and cadastral mapping is maintained by one organization: (GDLC), Responsibility of the cadastre belongs to the national government. Responsibility of the cadastre belongs to the national government.

5. 5 Turkish Cadastre Situation of cadastral surveying in Turkey as of 2006. Cadastral works began in 1925 based on the “Cadastre Law” (No: 658). Cadastral works began in 1925 based on the “Cadastre Law” (No: 658). 1934, “Cadastre and Land Registry Law”, urban areas. 1934, “Cadastre and Land Registry Law”, urban areas. Until 1950, cadastral works carried out only in urban areas. Until 1950, cadastral works carried out only in urban areas. 1950, “Land Registry Law”, rural areas. 1950, “Land Registry Law”, rural areas. In 1987, “Cadastre Law” (No: 3402) was put into practice and all regulations were combined under the law. In 1987, “Cadastre Law” (No: 3402) was put into practice and all regulations were combined under the law.

6. 6 Turkish Cadastre Property boundaries, Property boundaries, Some cadastral maps also include outlines of buildings (for reference purposes), Some cadastral maps also include outlines of buildings (for reference purposes), Content of the cadastral maps: A sample cadastre map With the Cadastre Law (1987), topographical data was added to the content. In spite of the legal requirement, cadastral maps have been produced in 2D so far.

7. 7 Need for 3D cadastre Cadastre 2014 (1998): Cadastre 2014 (1998): The Bathurst Declaration (UN ve FIG, 1999): “ most land administration systems today are not adequate to cope with the increasingly complex range of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in relation to land.” The Bathurst Declaration (UN ve FIG, 1999): “ most land administration systems today are not adequate to cope with the increasingly complex range of rights, restrictions and responsibilities in relation to land.” Nowadays, all the rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land are often overlapping.

8. 8 Need for 3D Cadastre in Turkey By 2030, %80 of the Turkey’s population will have lived in urban areas. By 2030, %80 of the Turkey’s population will have lived in urban areas. Turkish cadastre has to collect and manage information in all dimensions of land.

9. 9 Constraints Ownership of land is defined by boundaries on the surface and is not explicitly limited in the vertical dimension. Ownership of land is defined by boundaries on the surface and is not explicitly limited in the vertical dimension. 3D property units are established and registered by means of limited rights and other restrictions on the 2D parcels. 3D property units are established and registered by means of limited rights and other restrictions on the 2D parcels. 3D spatial information on rights (geometry, location) and constructions is not available in current (2D) cadastral geographical data set. 3D spatial information on rights (geometry, location) and constructions is not available in current (2D) cadastral geographical data set.

10. 10 The subway tunnel was bored while drilling in Istanbul. (Turkish newspaper, August, 2006) A caterpillar broke off underground cables in Istanbul. (Turkish newspaper, November, 2007)

11. 11 Palace Cistern (Yerebatan SarayPalace Cistern (Yerebatan Sarayı) Aydıntepe underground city Examples of cadastral plans and plots related to underground historical places

12. 12 3D Rights and Restrictions in the Turkish Legislation Cadastral recordings with a 3D component: Cadastral recordings with a 3D component: Property right Property right Right of easement Right of easement Condominium right Condominium right Property Right Property Right Turkish Civil Code (Article 718): “Property on land covers the air layers above the land and earth layers below the land as long as there is possible interest in using the property. The scope of this property includes buildings, vegetation and mines.” Things which can be registered in land registry as real estate are (Turkish Civil Code, Article 998):  Land,  Individual and permanent rights on real estates,  Individual parts of the building subject to condominium.

13. 13 Right of easement Right of easement Use of easement rights is common in practice to find a solution for 3D situations. In Turkish legislation, main situations which require establishment of an easement right are: –Encroaching constructions, –Superficies, –Rights of way, –Channels, –Underground waters, 3D Rights and Restrictions in the Turkish Legislation

14. 14 3D Rights and Restrictions in the Turkish Legislation Condominium right Condominium right –Every apartment owner has the full property of a part of the building (apartment). –The communal areas of the building are held in co-property. –Only the ground parcel of the apartment building is maintained. –Apartment units cannot spatially be queried.

15. 15 3D Rights and Restrictions in the Turkish Legislation Underground objects Underground objects –Underground objects aren ’ t registered. –Many underground objects are located under lands owned by public (e.g. roads). –According to the Article 16 of Cadastre Law these lands which are not subject to private property are only shown on maps and not registered.

16. 16 Results of previous research From legal point of view cadastre is 3D From legal point of view cadastre is 3D Current spatial registration is 2D in Turkish cadastre Current spatial registration is 2D in Turkish cadastre The space where the rights apply isn’t registered. The space where the rights apply isn’t registered. 3D data isn’t integrated into cadastral geographical data base 3D data isn’t integrated into cadastral geographical data base Turkish Cadastre has to collect and manage information in all dimensions of land Turkish Cadastre has to collect and manage information in all dimensions of land

17. 17 Research plan 1 year in Delft problems of cadastral registration concerning 3D situations abroad problems of cadastral registration concerning 3D situations abroad examination of current practice of establishing and recording rights and restrictions in 3D property situations. examination of current practice of establishing and recording rights and restrictions in 3D property situations. determination of if experiences of the Netherlands can apply to Turkish cadastre determination of if experiences of the Netherlands can apply to Turkish cadastre

18. 18 Research plan 1 year in Delft In the technical part, I plan to focus on the following topics during my visit: Maintaining 3D geo-objects in a DBMS, Maintaining 3D geo-objects in a DBMS, 3D spatial analyses and 3D querying, 3D spatial analyses and 3D querying, integration of 2D data and height information. integration of 2D data and height information.

19. 19 Research plan 1 year in Delft Fourth dimension (4D=3D+time) Researching juridical and technological aspects of 4D cadastre Researching juridical and technological aspects of 4D cadastre Rights and restrictions in cadastral systems with a 4D component Rights and restrictions in cadastral systems with a 4D component Essential juridical and organizational preconditions needed to develop 4DC Essential juridical and organizational preconditions needed to develop 4DC

20. 20 Thank you for attention...