1. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN ODYSSEY FIFTH EDITION Chapter Black People in Colonial North America 1526–1763 3

2. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black People in Colonial North America 1526–1763 The Peoples of North America Black Servitude in the Chesapeake Plantation Slavery, 1700–1750 Slave Life in Early America Miscegenation and Creolization The Origins of African-American Culture Slavery in the Northern Colonies Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana

3. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black People in Colonial North America 1526–1763 (cont'd) African Americans in New Spain's Northern BorderlandsAfrican Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands Black Women in Colonial America Black Resistance in Colonial America Conclusion

4. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black People in Colonial North America Who were the peoples of colonial North America? How did black servitude develop in the Chesapeake? What were the characteristics of plantation slavery from 1700 to 1750?

5. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black People in Colonial North America (cont'd) How did the experience of African Americans under French and Spanish rule in North America compare to that in the British colonies? How did slavery affect black women in colonial America? How did African Americans resist slavery?

6. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This eighteenth-century woodcut shows enslaved black men, women, and children engaged in the steps involved in the curing of tobacco

7. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The slavery codes regulated slaves and asserted the rights of slave owners.

8. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Peoples of North America

9. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Peoples of North America African immigrants gave birth to the African-American people Preserved African cultural history African Americans shaped new way of life

10. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold American Indians By the fourteenth century, diverse American Indian cultures developed American Indian, African relationship complicated  American Indians lived harmoniously with nature, influenced Africans  Indians were sometimes slaveholders  Africans helped defend against Indian attacks

11. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold American Indians (cont'd) Africans, Indians similarly oppressed in American colonies

12. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold American Indians (cont'd) French and Indian War  A war between Great Britain and its American Indian allies and France and its American Indian allies, fought between 1754 and 1763 for control of the eastern portion of North America

13. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Escaping slaves in the Carolinas

14. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Spanish Empire Spanish colonial economy enslaved Indians, Africans African, Indian, Spanish customs intermingled in U.S., Mexico

15. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The British and Jamestown Jamestown first permanent British colony in North America  Located in Chesapeake region, called Virginia  No gold, climate unsuitable for crops Tobacco became mainstay of Virginia White laborers produced most tobacco in Chesapeake colonies

16. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The British and Jamestown (cont'd) Spanish Armada  A fleet that unsuccessfully attempted to carry out an invasion of England in 1588 Joint-stock companies  Primitive corporations that carried out British and Dutch colonization in the Americas during the seventeenth century

17. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake 1619, 32 people of African descent at Jamestown  Dutch bring 20 Angolans to Jamestown  New arrivals regarded as “unfree,” not slaves -England had no slave laws -Some Angolans Christian, Christians could not be enslaved

18. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake (cont'd) First black person born in English America  Parents baptized in Church of England  Born free Africans remained small minority in expanding Virginia colony

19. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Africans Arrive in the Chesapeake (cont'd) Church of England  A Protestant church established in the sixteenth century as the English national or Anglican church with the English monarch as its head. After the American Revolution, its American branch became the Episcopal Church.

20. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Servitude in the Chesapeake

21. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Servitude in the Chesapeake Demand for tobacco expanded, indentured servitude grew  Blacks, whites sold freedom for set time  Could expect to live as free people  Free black men became landowners British assumed Africans were alien British made slaves property of masters

22. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Servitude in the Chesapeake (cont'd) Chattel Slavery  A form of slavery in which the enslaved are treated legally as property

23. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Race and the Origins of Black Slavery Economic, demographic developments led to enslavement of Africans  Precedent set for enslaving Africans  Less poor white laborers available  African slaves become less costly British assumed Africans were inferior  Status of black servants different than whites Black servants would serve masters for life

24. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Race and the Origins of Black Slavery (cont'd) House of Burgesses  A representative body established at Jamestown, Virginia, in 1619

25. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Emergence of Chattel Slavery Children of black female servants, slaves for life  Counter to English law, where status derives from father Enslaved Africans, African Americans had status of domestic animals  Masters who killed slaves exempted from felony charges  Slaves held accountable for transgressions

26. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Emergence of Chattel Slavery (cont'd) System compelled black people to involuntary servitude

27. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Emergence of Chattel Slavery (cont'd) Slave codes  Colonial and state laws that defined the status of slaves and the prerogatives of masters Manumission  The act of freeing a slave by the slave's master

28. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Bacon's Rebellion and American Slavery Black slaves, white indentured servants unite against elite  Bacon dies before rebellion can occur Elite realize danger of freed, white indentured servants  Planters switch to enslaved black labor force Whites’ freedom, prosperity rest on denying blacks freedom

29. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Bacon's Rebellion and American Slavery (cont'd) Master class  Slaveholders

30. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Plantation Slavery, 1700–1750

31. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Plantation Slavery, 1700–1750 European demand for tobacco expanded slave labor system

32. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Tobacco Colonies Tobacco, rice colonies' economies dependent on black slaves Black laborers' living conditions varied  Some masters worked together with slaves  Some masters divided slaves among many holdings  Before mid-eighteenth century nearly all slaves were fieldworkers

33. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Tobacco Colonies (cont'd) Masters wanted slaves to work harder, faster  After 1750, some black men had skilled occupations  Black women worked in fields, homes

34. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold AFRICANS BROUGHT AS SLAVES TO BRITISH NORTH AMERICA, 1701– 1775

35. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Low-Country Slavery West Indian plantation system strong in Carolina, Georgia  British settlers were Barbados slaveholders, brought slaves -Black people were chattel from start  Also center of Indian slave trade  Cultivated rice on large plantations, similar to West Indies -1750s, rice cultivation, slavery spread to Georgia

36. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Low-Country Slavery (cont'd) Blacks were both feared and needed Appearance of distinct classes among people of color  Creoles, mixed-race relatives of masters, lived alongside whites  Blacks on low-country plantations had autonomy, kept heritage

37. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Plantation Technology Africans learned crop technology, trades  Slaves prepared tobacco leaves for market  Slaves turned indigo plants into blue dye Slaves served as carpenters, blacksmiths Slaves tanned leather, slave artisans made boots, garments

38. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Life in Early America

39. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Life in Early America Eighteenth-century slave housing was minimal, often temporary  Furniture, cooking utensils varied from place to place In early years, cloth came from England  Later, homespun fabric was made by slaves  Clothing evolved to style of West African culture

40. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slave Life in Early America (cont'd) Food staples were corn, yams, salt pork  Rice important in South Carolina low country

41. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Miscegenation and Creolization

42. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Miscegenation and Creolization Interracial sexual contacts between blacks, whites, Indians  White assemblies feared creation of mixed- race class Creolization led African parents to produce African-American children Miscegenation, creolization together caused physical, cultural change

43. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African-American Culture

44. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African-American Culture Retained West African heritage Extended families as reaction to slavery  Families helped others adapt, sheltered escapees  Families influenced African American naming practices African religions persisted in America  Even when converted to Christianity indigenous practices remained

45. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Origins of African-American Culture (cont'd) Incest taboos  Customary rules against sexual relations and marriage within family and kinship groups Spirit possession  A belief rooted in West African religions that spirits may possess human souls Divination  A form of magic aimed at telling the future by interpreting a variety of signs

46. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This eighteenth-century painting of slaves on a South Carolina plantation

47. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Great Awakening Evangelical ministers preach spiritual equality Africans  Africans linked spiritual equality to earthly equality  General African conversion  Africans influence church services

48. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The Great Awakening (cont'd) Development of distinct African-American church  Blacks segregated in white churches  Masters used church to teach obedience African-American Christianity blended West African, European elements

49. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Language, Music, and Folk Literature Black English came from ancestral African language Music most important aspect of African culture  American popular music influenced by African-American music West African folk literature survived in North America

50. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Language, Music, and Folk Literature (cont'd) Pidgens  Simplified mixtures of two or more languages used to communicate between people who speak different languages Black English (or African-American Vernacular English)  A variety of American English that is influenced by West African grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation

51. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture West African culture shaped work in the American South  African styles influenced southern colonial architecture  Slaves worked harder in groups

52. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture (cont'd) African-American imprint on southern diction  Black women raised white children  White children acquired African-American speech patterns Blacks influenced white notions of remedies, cooking

53. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold AFRICANS AS A PERCENTAGE OF THE TOTAL POPULATION OF THE BRITISH AMERICAN COLONIES 1650–1770

54. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold The African-American Impact on Colonial Culture (cont'd) Gang system  A mode of organizing labor that had West African antecedents. In this system American slaves worked in groups under the direction of a slave driver.

55. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in the Northern Colonies

56. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in the Northern Colonies Slavery less extensive in north than south  Small numbers, close to masters, isolation  Northern slaves had fewer opportunities to preserve African heritage In Middle Colonies, curfews kept slaves isolated

57. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in the Northern Colonies (cont'd) Because of New England Puritanical beliefs, few slaves  Puritans converted Africans  Slaves could inherit, own property

58. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This eighteenth-century drawing of Philadelphia's London Coffee House

59. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana

60. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Slavery in Spanish Florida and French Louisiana Numbers small, needed as soldiers more than fieldworkers  British takeover caused slaves to grow Louisiana imported about 6,000 slaves  Blacks outnumbered whites  Slaves became artisans, gained freedom  Sexual exploitation of black women created mixed-race offspring

61. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands

62. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold African Americans in New Spain's Northern Borderlands Fewer black people than in British colonies  Some slaves, some with limited freedom  Worked as domestics, laborers or in Mexican mines Racial Purity  Spanish top; Blacks, Indians bottom  Most Spaniards mixed race  Blacks, Indians had more status

63. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold This detail of a mural located in the Arizona capitol building shows, on its extreme right, the former slave Esteban, who wears a blue turban.

64. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Women in Colonial America

65. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Women in Colonial America Black men valued more highly than black women  Worked in fields until giving birth -Suffered complications giving birth Changed from fieldworkers to house servants  Subjected to sexual exploitation

66. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold In this painting African Americans await sale to slave traders, who stand at the doorway on the left.

67. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Resistance and Rebellion

68. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Black Resistance and Rebellion Slavery in America relied on physical force  African Americans responded by resisting Some escaped, established maroon communities  Rebellious slaves in Charleston, steal ammunition, plunder plantations White southerners never lost fear of slave revolt

69. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Conclusion

70. Copyright ©2011, ©2008 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. The African-American Odyssey, Fifth Edition Darlene Clark Hine William C. Hine Stanley Harrold Conclusion History of blacks both painful and exhilarating Enslavement, racism, loss of African heritage Resistance, forged family, developed African-American culture