1. Chapter 4 Part 2 Out of Many Mr. Thomas

2. Families and Communities Development of African American community and culture, the family was the most important institution Families were often separated by slave or bequest Slaves created family structures developing marriage customs, naming practices, and a system of kinship Fictive kinship was used by slaves to humanize the world of slavery

3. African American Culture Develops 18 th Century Resiliency of slaves was shown in the development of a spiritually sustaining African American culture drawing upon dance, music, religion, and oral tradition Until the Great Awakening, large numbers were not converted to Christianity Death and burial were import religious practices Music and Dance formed foundations of African American Culture Invention of an African American language facilitated communication between American-born and African slaves

4. Africanization of the South Acculturation occurred in two directions- English influenced Africans and Africans influenced English Africanization was evident in: Cooking: barbecue, fried chicken, black-eyed peas, and collard greens Material culture: Basket weaving, wood carving, and architecture Language: Yam, banjo, tote, buddy Music and dance: banjo

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6. Violence and Resistance Slave system- based on forced labor and violence African resisted in the following ways Refusing to cooperate and malingering Running away Mistreating tools and animals Revolt Fear of uprising in the South but it was rare Conditions for successful revolt were not present Slaves had also developed culture and communities and did not want to risk losing those things.

7. Slavery and the Economics of Empire Slave trade was the foundation of the British Economy Created a large colonial market for exports that stimulated manufacturing Generated huge profits that served as a source of investments Supplied raw cotton to fuel British industrialization

8. The Politics of Mercantilism Mercantilism Colonies existed to benefit the mother country The economy should be controlled by the state The economy was a “zero-sum” game where profits for one country meant losses for another Competition between state was hoard the fixed amount of wealth that existed in the world

9. The Colonial Economy Grew rapidly New England shipbuilding was stimulated by trade Benefits for northern port cities Participation in the slave trade to the south and west indies Trading foodstuffs for sugar in foreign colonies Between the 1730s and 1770s, the commercial economies of the North and South were becoming integrated

10. Social Structure of the Slave Colonies Slavery produced a highly stratified class society Elite planters held more than hald of the land and 60% of the wealth Small planters and farmers made up half of the adult white male population Many kept one to four slaves Throughout the plantation region, landless men constituted about 40% of the population Work included renting land, tenant farming, hiring out as overseers, or becoming indentured servants

11. White Skin Privilege Skin color determined status Legal and other racial distinctions were constant reminders of the freedom of white colonist and the debasement of all African Americas, free or slave Relationships between free whites and enslaved blacks produced a mixed-ancestry group known as mulattoes Majority of mulattoes were slaves Racism created contrempt between African Americans and colonist