1. ACS 206 ME UNIT 21 MATERIAL FORMATS
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2. What are raw materials?
Generally, raw materials are materials which need to be processed before they are used - for example, melted and cast (thrown) in a mould.
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3. Common formats of raw materials:
Powder
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4. Pellets
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5. Fibres:
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6. Ingot Bloom (A very large ingot)
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7. Billets (metal blocks smaller than blooms)
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8. TARGET VOCABULARY ITEMS
Raw material (adj. phr.): Raw materials are often natural resources such as oil, iron and wood that need to be processed before being used as end-products. e.g.: A raw material or feedstock is the basic material from which a good product is manufactured or made. For example, material that came from nature in an unprocessed or minimally processed state are raw materials; e.g., raw latex, iron ore, logs, crude oil or seawater.
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9. Powder (n.):
definition: a solid substance that consists of extremely small pieces, is soft and easy to divide, and often has the same shape as the container that it is in e.g.: A powder is a dry solid material composed of a large number of very fine particles that may flow freely when shaken.
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10. Particle (n.)
Definition: an extremely small piece of matter e.g.: Electrons are atomic particles. A particle is a minute portion, piece, fragment, or amount; a tiny or very small bit of a material.
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11. Fine particles (adj. phr.)
Definition: very thin, very small pieces e.g.: When the Twin Towers were struck by a plane in 2011, fine dust that formed as a result of the destruction of the towers was spread as far as 10 kilometres.
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12. Pellet (n.)
Definition: a small hard ball or tube-shaped piece of any substance
e.g.:iron/lead/wax/plastic/paper pellets
food pellets
-Pellet are small particles typically created by compressing an original material.
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13. Fibre (n.)
Definition: Very thin and fine shape of metals at hair-like lengths
e.g: Metal fibres, as thin as a hair strand, are used in many industrial areas. For example, in construction area, they are used to enhance crack resistance and general strength of buildings.
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14. Ingot (n.)
Definition: a piece of metal, usually in the shape of a narrow brick e.g.: a gold/silver ingot -An ingot is a material, usually metal, that is cast into a shape suitable for further processing. -Ingots require a second procedure of shaping, such as cold/hot working, cutting or milling to produce a useful final product. Additionally ingots (of less common materials) can be used as currency, or as a currency reserve as with gold bars.
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15. Billet (n.) / Bloom (n.)
A billet is a length of metal that has a round or square cross-section, with an area less than 36 sq in (230 cm2).
Blooms are similar to billets except the cross-sectional area is greater than 36 sq in (230 cm2).
Metal billets are smaller blocks of steel that are round, rectangular, or hexagonal ingots or cast, semi-finished stock with a cross-section that is suitable for secondary processing. Billets are sometimes called bar stock.
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16. Process (v.)
Definition: To make gradual changes to something until it reaches the final desirable form e.g.: Bauxite is processed to produce aluminium.
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17. Bar (n.) Definition: a straight stick made of metal
e.g.: The reason why many houses were destroyed in Marmara earthquake was that those houses were not strengthened adequately with iron bars in concrete.
e.g.: The gorilla rattled the bars of its cage.
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18. Square bar (adj. phr.)
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19. Round bar (rod) (adj. phr.)
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20. Flat bar (adj. phr.)
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21. Metal sheet (adj. phr.)
Definition: Simply, metal formed into thin and flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental forms used in metalworking and can be cut and bent into a variety of different shapes.
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22. Structural steel sections (adj. phr.)
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23. I-section (n.)
Definition: a type of structural steel that looks like the letter I; or H
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24. tube (n.)
Definition: A hollow cylinder, especially one that conveys a fluid or functions as a passage

25. Hollow (adj.) Definition: having a hole or empty space inside
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26. Round Tubes (adj. phr.) Definition: round-shaped tubes
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27. Rectangular Tubes (adj. phr.)
Definition: rectangle-shaped tubes
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28. Pipe (n.)
Definition: one type of tube carrying especially liquid or gas e.g.: Natural gas from Iran and Russia are carried to Turkey through a long pipe-line underground.
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29. Cable (n.)
Definition: a set of wires, covered by plastic, that carries electricity, telephone signals, etc.a length of cable e.g.: The road has been dug up in order to lay cables. overhead power cables
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30. Wire (n.)
Definition: (a piece of) thin metal thread with a layer of plastic around it, used for carrying electric current e.g.: Someone had cut the telephone wires. Don't touch those wires whatever you do.
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31. Single wire (adj. phr.) (or solid wire)
Definition: A single-wire transmission line (or single wire method) is a method of supplying electrical power through a single electrical conductor.
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32. Stranded wire (adj. phr.)
Definition: A conductor composed of a group of wires or a combination of groups of wires, usually twisted together
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33. Electrical wire (adj. phr.)
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34. Read page 48.
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35. Exercise 21.1 (p.49)
Decide whether the sentences are true or false, and correct the false sentences. Look at A (p. 48) to help you.
Raw materials are often intended to be melted or mixed.
Powder particles are smaller than pellets.
Pellets do not require further processing.
A steel bloom is a type of ingot.
Steel billets can be cut into smaller sized pieces called blooms. T T F
3. Pellets are intended for melting and forming in moulds. T F
5. Steel blooms can be cut into smaller sized pieces called billets
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36. Exercise 21.2 (p.49)
Complete the descriptions below the photos using the words in the box. You will need to use some words more than once. Look at B (p. 48) to help you.
A steel bloom
A coil of steel sheet
A round PVC tube
An aluminium plate
A round bar / A rod
A flat bar
A sheet of glass
A steel cable
9. A steel wire
10. An electrical cable
11. A stranded wire
12. A solid wire
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