1. Bellringer – Short Essay How did the Industrial Revolution become a turning point in history? Describe two benefits and two problems that industrialization brought to 19 th century Europe and North America.

2. The Industrial Revolution: Cause and Effect 2 Causes Increased agricultural productivity Growing population New sources of energy, such as steam and coal Growing demand for textiles and other mass-produced goods Improved technology Available natural resources, labor, and money Strong, stable governments that promoted economic growth Immediate Effects Rise of factories Changes in transportation and Urbanization New methods of production Rise of urban working class Growth of reform movements Long-Term Effects Growth of labor unions Inexpensive new products Spread of industrialization Rise of big business Expansion of public education Expansion of middle class Competition for world trade among industrialized nations Progress in medical care

3. The Growth of Industrial Prosperity Page 472 in your textbook. Read 472 – 475 and answer questions 1-4 tonight

5. A second Industrial Revolution During early industrial revolution, inventions such as steam engine were the work of gifted tinkerers 1880’s: pace of change quickened as companies hired professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery Marriage of science, technology, and industry spurred economic growth.

6. Steel 1856 British engineer Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron or and produce a new substance, steel (lighter, harder, more durable than iron) Steel rapidly became the major material used in tools, bridges, railroads. As production increased, industrialized countries measured their success in steel output 1880- average German steel mill produced less than 5 million metric tons of steel a year, but by 1910, it reached nearly 15 million metric tons

8. Chemicals Chemists created hundreds of new products, from medicines to perfumes to soaps. Developed new chemical fertilizer that increased food production. 1866: Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel invented dynamite, explosive that was much safer than others used at the time. Widely used in construction, and to Nobel’s dismay, warfare. Dynamite earned Nobel a huge fortune which he willed to fund the famous Nobel prizes that are still awarded today.

10. Electricity New power source replaced steam as dominant source of industrial power Scientists like Benjamin Franklin tinkered with electricity a year earlier Italian scientist Alessandro Volta developed first battery in about 1800.

12. Dynamo Later, English chemist Michael Faraday created first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity Today all generators and transformers work on principle of Faraday’s dynamo.

14. Lightbulb 1870’s – American inventor Thomas Edison made first electric light bulb Soon these lamps illuminated whole cities Pace of city life quickened, factories could operate after dark

16. Working Class Struggles While inventors prospered, the working class still struggled. Workers tried to improve conditions of industrial life. Protested low wages, long hours, unsafe conditions, threat of unemployment Strikes and unions were illegal, demonstrations were crushed. By mid century, they formed mutual aid societies, groups to help sick or injured workers

17. Karl Marx One of the strongest critics of capitalism and the factory system was Karl Marx. Believed it created prosperity for few and poverty for many Called for international struggle to bring its downfall “working men of all countries unite!”

19. Scientific Socialism 1840’s – Marx put forth his new theory “scientific socialism” which he claimed was based on scientific study of history 1848- Marx and Engels wrote pamphlet “Communist Manifesto” where they put forth their communist theory (a form of socialism that sees class struggle between employers and employees as unavoidable).

20. Marxism Economics = driving force in history Entire course of history is a history of class struggle between the “haves” and “have-nots” The “haves have always owned the means of production and thus controlled society and all its wealth (Marx said in Europe the “haves” were the bourgeoisie) The “have-nots” were the proletariat, or working class.

21. According to Marx, modern class struggle pitted the bourgeoisie against the proletariat In the end he predicted the proletariat would win, take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society Such a society would mark and end to struggles people endured throughout history, because wealth and power would be equally shared

23. Effects Marxism gained popularity at first with many around the world Leaders adopted idea that power should be held by workers rather than business owners Marx’s ideas were never practiced exactly as he imagined them however Failures of Marxist governments would illustrate flaws in his arguments Late 1800’s – Russian socialists embraced Marxism, Russian Revolution of 1917 set up communist inspired government 1900’s – revolutionaries around the world would adapt Marxist ideas (Asia, Latin America, Africa)