1. Traumatic Brain Injury
By: Erin Engnell

2. Definition of TBI
“An insult to the brain, not of degenerative or congenital nature caused by an external physical force that may produce a diminished or altered state of consciousness, which results in an impairment of cognitive abilities or physical functioning. It can also result in the disturbance of behavioral or emotional functioning.”

3. Levels of TBI Mild TBI Moderate TBI Severe TBI
Glascow Coma Scale score 13-15
Moderate TBI
Glascow Coma Scale score 9-12
Severe TBI
Glascow Coma Scale score 8 or less

4. Causes An outside force impacts the head causing the brain to move
A direct blow to the head
A rapid acceleration and deceleration of the head

5. Pie Chart of TBI Causes

6. Incidence Rates
Currently 5.3 million Americans are living with a disability as a result of TBI (about 2% of US population)
1.5 million Americans sustain a TBI each year
More than 50,000 people die each year from TBI (22% of people with TBI)
80,000 Americans obtain a long-term disability following TBI every year
of firearm related TBI’s are a result of someone trying to attempt suicide
The risk of TBI in men is twice the risk in women
Every 21 seconds, one person in the U.S. sustains a TBI

7. Comparing TBI

8. Symptoms of a person who might have TBI
Dilated or unequal size of pupils
Vision changes
Respiratory failure
Paralysis, difficulty moving body parts, weakness, poor coordination
Vomiting
Headache
Confusion
Ringing in the ears, or changes in ability to hear
Trouble with balance
Difficulty with thinking skills
Difficulty speaking, slurred speech

9. Possible Characteristics of a person with a Traumatic Brain Injury
Cognitive
Physical
Emotional

10. Instructional Ideas Be PATIENT! Transition plans for the student
Structure and routines
Do not set specific expectations for achievement
Be supportive and responsive to changing needs of students with TBI
Technology varies because TBI is a very wide spectrum disorder

11. Prevention in Schools Playground safety School Bus safety
Pedestrian safety
Youth violence

12. Parts of the Brain

13. Right or Left Brain Injuries to the right side of the brain
Creativity impairment
Injuries to the left side of the brain
Intellectual impairment
Diffuse Injuries (both sides of brain)

14. $ $ $
Money!!!!
48.3 billion dollars annually spent in the U.S. for patients with TBI
Hospitalization accounts for 31.7 billion dollars
Fatal brain injuries cost the U.S billion dollars $ $ $ $ $

15. Resources for Teachers
   
Resources for Teachers
Brain Injury Association of Illinois
Brain Injury Association of America
TBI Information Center
Children With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Parent's Guide (The Special Needs Collection) by Lisa Schoenbrodt
I'll Carry the Fork!: Recovering a Life After Brain Injury by Kara L. Swanson

16. Bibliography Brain Injury Association of America
TBI Information Center
NIH Consensus Statement “Rehabilitation of Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury”
Including Students with Special Needs By: Marilyn Friend
Traumatic Brain Injury in Children and Teens
Government Publication