2.  Soils are grouped by similar properties and behaviors  Named for a town, landmark or feature › Example: Titusville Series  Has a description of each soil series › Each description has information about that series and a description of the soil profile

3.  Every soil survey has a map index of the listed county  Has the location of major towns, state highways and some country roads

4.  Aerial photograph  Also shows main land types and roads  Town names and municipal boundaries are shown to pinpoint the exact location of a property  Have boundaries of soil series

5. Andover Loam Arents-Urban Land Complex Atkins Silt Loam Braceville Loam Brinkerton Silt Loam Buchanan Loam Canadice Silty Clay Loam Caneadea Silt Loam Cavode Silt Loam Clymer Loam Cookport Loam Dumps, Industrial Waste Dumps, Mines Ernest Silt Loam Fluvaquents, Coal Overwash Fredon Loam Frenchtown Silt Loam Gilpin Silt Loam Gilpin Channery Silt Loam Gilpin-Upshur Complex Gilpin-Weikert Channery Silt Loam Gilpin-Wharton Silt Loam Gilpin-Wharton Complex Gresham Silt Loam Hazleton Channery Loam Hazleton Loam Hazleton and Gilpin Soils Monongahela Silt Loam Philo Loam Pits, Sand and gravel Pope Loam Riverhead Sandy Loam Tilsit Silt Loam Titusville Silt Loam Titusville and Riverhead Soils Udorthents, Acid Material, Gently Sloping Udorthents, Acid Material, Moderately Steep Udorthents, Acid Material, Very Steep Udorthents, Calcareous Material, Moderately Steep Udorthents, Calcareous Material, Very Steep Urban land- Ernest Complex Urban land- Gilpin Complex Vandergrift- Cavode Silt Loams Wharton Silt Loam Wheeling Silt Loam

7.  There are other additional information within the engineering properties and other charts  All of these properties are needed when planning development of a piece of land  Also contains information on limitations for septic tanks, basements and roadways  It allows one to determine: › Depth to seasonal high water tables › Depths to bedrock › Land use limiting factors

8.  Alluvial Fan- low outspread mass of soil and/or rock deposited by a stream shaped like an open fan (triangle) or cone. Commonly found at the mouth of streams where they enter a larger valley.  Bench- a nearly level to gently sloping platform generally a bedrock controlled erosional surface on a mountainside or hillside.

9.  Bog- A waterlogged swampy area consisting of mostly organic material, such as mosses, sphagnum, sedges and woody materials.  Colluvium- soil material that has accumulated at a footslope of a ridge or mountain side to due to mass soil movement or landslide.  Depression- a relatively sunken part of the Earth’s surface. A low lying area surrounded by higher ground, such as a sinkhole.

10.  Drainageway- a general term used to describe a long narrow water course that at sometime has concentrated water flow, but lacks a channel or has a small defined channel. Water flow intermittent.  Drift(glacial)- a general term applied to all material transported and deposited by glacial ice. The term applies to deposits that no longer contains glaciers  Flood Plain- a near plain that boarders a stream and is subject to flooding. Soil material has been deposited by stream overflow and deposition.

11.  Footslope- a gentle to moderate sloping area at the base of a side slope or mountain slope.  Head slope- a concave surface at the end of a drainageway  Interfluve- a broad upland area or ridge top between two valleys or waterways that sheds water into those valleys or water ways

12.  Karst- topography with sink holes and under ground drainage formed in limestone, general has few if any streams except those formed by large springs.  Local Alluvium- soil deposited in drainage ways and on footslopes by sheet, rill, and gully erosion of adjacent and nearby slopes created by storm runoff rather than by overflowing streams  Loess- soil material transported and deposited by wind and predominately of silt size

13.  Mountain- the natural land rising more than 1000ft above the low lands  Mountain slope- the side slope of a mountain between summit and the foot  Nose slope- the projecting end of a interfluve generally convex contours up and down slope  Piedmont- in the United States the piedmont is a low plateau extending from New Jersey thru Pennsylvania to Alabama and lying east of the Appalachian

14.  Plateau- a relatively large flat area at high elevations near the summit and general 330ft above adjacent low lying areas  Residuum- unconsolidated weathered or partly weathered soil material that accumulates in place by disintegration of bedrock  Side Slope- a slope between a drainage way and summit or interfluve  Sinkhole- a closed depression formed in limestone by solution of the bedrock and formed by the collapse of the overlying soil

15.  Stream Terrace- A platform in a stream valley parallel to the stream representing an abandoned flood plain at higher elevation than current day flood plans  Summit- the topographically highest position with a plain to convex nearly level to the sloping surface  Upland- a general term for higher ground in contrast to valley, flood plain, or other low lying ground  Valley- an elongated relatively large external drained depression of the Earth primarily formed between mountains by erosion or glacial activity

16.  The structure is a naturally occurring arrangement of soil particles in the aggregated that result from the soil forming process  The structure is described in three terms › Grade › Size › Shape

17.  Structureless- no units observable in a hand sample or close observation › Sand is an example “structureless single grain” soil where the individual grains area loose and don’t form aggregates › “Structureless massive” is a continuous layers of soil that do not show aggregates in place or in a hand sample › Dense glacial till and the interior of some fragipans are massive single unit showing no development

18.  Weak- structural units are barely observable in place or in hand sample  Moderate- units are well formed and evident in place or in a hand sample  Strong- units are distinct and separate easily when disturbed

19. Granular (mm) Prismatic (mm) Angular and subangular blocky (mm) Platy (mm) Very fine(very thin) <1<10<5<1 Fine(thin)1-210-205-101-2 Medium2-520-5010-202-5 Course (thick) 5-1050-10020-505-10 Very Course(very thick) >10>100>50>10

20.  Granular- the individual unites are approximately spherical or polyhedral and are curved or very irregular faces, common in surface horizons  Prismatic- units are elongated vertically with flat to rounded vertical surfaces, tops are general flat, common structure of fragipans  Subangular blocky- unites are somewhat rounded block like or with flat to slightly rounded polyhedral surfaces, common in subsurface horizons  Angular blocky- units are block like with sharp edges, common in heavy textured subsurface horizons  Platy- the units are flat and plate like and usual oriented horizontally, common in compacted surfaces and plough pans

23.  Soil begins with solid rock  Forces of nature have turned rock into soils  Weathering- the natural process where rock is broken into smaller pieces › Heat and water help with the weathering process

24.  Made of 4 substances › 45% mineral particles › 5% organic matter › 50% air and water

25.  Arrangement and properties of the various soil layers  Layers are: › Top soil- top layer, most nutrient rich › Sub soil- little or no organic matter is present › Parent material- lower layer from which the top and sub soils have developed

26.  Soils are grouped according to: › agronomic use- ex: good wheat soil, poor corn soil › Color- ex: black soil, red soil › Organic Matter Content- ex: mineral soil, muck soil › Texture- ex: sandy, loam › Moisture Condition- ex: wet soil, dry soil

27.  There are 4 types: › Erosion › Conservation › Compaction › Drainage

28.  Removal of soil material by wind or water moving over the land  Natural process and most hills and valleys are the product of water  2 different types: › Sheet and rill- removal of top soil from a field; soil washes from field in thin layers or sheets from small channels or rills › Gully- deep ditches cut by flowing water

29.  Preventing or stopping erosion  Best way to control erosion is to keep the soil covered  Done with living plants, or mulch of dead plant residue such as crop residue or dead leaves  Preparing the land for planting in a way that leaves crop residue on the soil surface is called conservation tillage

30.  Current concern about soil compaction is in the top layer (plow layer) and in the sub soil because of damage to soil structure by soil compaction  Damage is caused by › Larger and heavier farm equipment › Increased specialization in crop production › Increased traffic and tillage necessary for application and incorporation of fertilizers, insecticides and herbicides › Earlier seed bed preparation and planting when soils are often wet and susceptible to compaction

31.  Size, shape and arrangement of the soil particles and pores determine the ability of a soil to retain water  Larger pores conduct more water more rapidly than smaller pores