1. Ｋｅｎｊｉ Ｍｕｒａｋａｍｉ Ｖｉｓｉｔｉｎｇ Ｐｒｏｆｅｓｓｏｒ，Ｔｏｋｙｏ Ｃｉ ｔｙ Ｕｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙ

2. Lessons Learned from Fukushima Accident Accident beyond all expectation Possible to happen could happen in worst way Critical initial response Contain impact and minimize damage Public reaction and social order Fear of radiation and lack of information Adequate accident response and management Coordination, communication and quick response

3. Impact of Fukushima Accident Preparedness for major disaster response Prepare for the unexpected and normal time practice Nuclear disaster caused by nature or mankind Vulnerability of nuclear plant to external event Adequate risk assessment and damage control Robust and flexible assessment of all risks and anticipated damages Consideration of elements of 3 S for major disaster Prevention, response, control and management

4. ３Ｓ（ Security, Safety and Safeguards) FactorsSafety Security Safeguards ThreatHuman error, natural cause, Design errorNon-state actors: terrorists, criminals, protestorsState (political decision) TimelinessReal time/immediateReal time/immediate> Months Role of StateRegulates safe operationRegulates physical protectionRegulates accounting and control Role of IAEAIssue safety standardsIssue security RecommendationsVerify compliance to agreements FactorsSafetySecuritySafeguards ThreatHuman error, Natural cause, Design error Non-state actors: terrorists, Criminals State, Diverters TimelinessReal time/ immediate Real time/ immediate Month ~ Role of StateRegulate safe operation Regulate physical protection Regulate accounting and control Role of IAEAIssue safety Standards and monitor compliance Issue security recommendations and monitor compliance Verify compliance to agreements

5. Main Legal Framework of 3S Binding legal framework - NPT, Safeguards Agreement, Additional Protocol - Conventions of PP(2005),Nuclear safety, accident early notification and assistance, safety of SF & waste - UNSC resolutions 1373, 1540 ; UNGC 52, 56 and others Non-binding legal framework - Codes of conduct on safety/security of radioactive sources, research reactor - INFCIRC/ 225/Rev5 and others There is no common and comprehensive legal instrument for all 3S

6. Concluding Remarks Adherence to Nuclear security, safety and safeguards is a commitment by each State - Each State should implement balanced approach of 3S High standard of nuclear security is essential for peaceful use of nuclear energy - Effective and broader application of security measure by each State is necessary Need for common and universal rules for 3S - Many legal instruments exist but none comprehensive to cover 3S Collective security arrangements and mutual cooperation - Needed to promote transparency and benefits