1. Helida Oyieke Karibu Kenya 67 participants from 7 countries in the region and 8 countries beyond Africa were expected/present. Introductions/protocols by Dr Oyieke, Chair of the LOC and member of EC of CBOL. Opening Ceremony

2. Participant interest groups Amphibian 2 Mammal 1 General Taxonomy3 Birds2 Plant9 Fish3 Invertebrates3 Biotechnology6 Marine taxonomy4 Conservation7 Forensic1 Management/Finance1 Social science /politics3 Bioinformatics 1

3. Opening Ceremony Director General, National Museums of Kenya, Dr Idle Farah Welcome to all, appreciated the partnership of NMK and ICIPE in hosting the workshop. NMK has signed MOC with CBOL and Dr. Oyieke is a member of the CBOL Executive Committee.. He emphasized the need to maintain complementary technologies in taxonomy; apply new technologies to complement traditional ones.

4. Opening Ceremony The Permanent Secretary, Ministry of State (National Heritage), Mrs Alice Mayaka: Thanked CBOL for choosing Kenya as host to the workshop, welcomed guests to the country and stressed the importance of conservation. She emphasized the value of Barcoding in law enforcement in wildlife conservation; the potential contribution of barcoding to fighting the illegal trade in wildlife. Kenyans are proud of the wildlife in the country, and the guests were encouraged to stay on and visit some of the parks and world heriage sites, some of which are near Nairobi.

5. David Schindel Dr Schindel described the meeting as an interdisciplinary gathering to discuss simple idea, the DNA barcode of life. He set the stage for the meeting, reminding the participants that day 1 would be technical, day 2 would provide a more interactive group setting for sharing experiences and identifying problems. In day 3, the secretariat would identify ways to help the region work together and to explore ways how to work together in the activities identified by region reps. He outlined near-term goals of CBOL (double membership to 200 & participation of developing countries; regional meetings - southern & eastern Africa, West Africa, South America, southern Asia; Singapore June 2007). CBOL has a slim secretariat, works with partners. CBOL aims to promote the use of Barcoding and the contribution to 21st century research environment. Cautionary statement: e.g. COI does not reconstruct phylogenies, but shows relationships; barcoding is NOT taxonomy etc

6. David Schindel More on Barcoding Anaytical path in the process of barcoding Specimen collection + details (voucher specimens - physical or electronic - where whole insect is used to prepare DNA), shipment/conveyance details Molecular processing (from DNA to sequencing) Data processing (taxonomic names, specimen names, Barcode sequence - with primers and trace file, museum database, voucher specimen, journals). Structured link to voucher specimen. Links to Central Genome Databases (GenBank, EMBL & DDBJ)

7. Scott miller: Barcode and its relation to other conservation initiatives Poor representations of collections of various taxa Human resources are also thinly distributed worldwide CBOL Outreach, Sothern, Eastern and West Africa (proposed) Applications for species identification: -Endangered, Agric pests diseases, vectors, plane bird hazards etc.

8. Simon Tillier, National Museums, Paris “National and International Networking for Barcoding” There are three models models for networking: Model 1.More informal, do it where you are, submit data to BOLD; Based on biological taxa Model 2.By location or by ecosystem, where many institutions have internal capacity Model 3.Networking among institutions, limits duplication

9. Yvonne-Marie Linton, Natural History Museum, London Mosquito Barcode Initiative (MBI) - Demonstrator Project 3449 formally recognized species of mosquitoes, July 2006. 2930 (85%) in 9 collections available, exceeding the 80% target set in MBI. Barcoding enabled group to synonymize 2 groups initially thought to be separate species. Methods have been established that allow use of old museum specimens (>10 years) Africa has 18 genera and 560 species of mosquitoes, collaborations with MBI welcome

10. Alves Gomes, INPA, Brazil Biodiversity conservation and taxonomic application of Barcoding: The case of electric fish, genus Hypogenus Using COI, intra and inter-specific variation that is not resolved by morphology, confirming the results of 3 other loci (1 nuclear).

11. Alexandre Soares Rosado, Instituto de Microbiologia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ‘DNA barcoding in microorganisms’ About 4500 species are described; only 1-5% are culturable. Culture independent methods, based on DNA are an important tool. 16s rRNA gene is a good ubiquitous, but does not distinguish among some Paenibacilli. The rpoB gene is being used. Both the 16s and rpoB genes gave similar results in DGGE fingerprints. New species of oral bacteria discovered using these methods. Utility in environmental monitoring (soils, mangroves etc) discussed. Project partly funded by the oil industry - potential for bioremediation.

12. Olivier Maurin Barcoding the Flora of the Kruger N Park Kruger is part of an ecosystem shared between three countries - Zimbabwe, SA and Mozambique ~ 2000-3000 species of plants, but no inventory exists. Project aims: Inventory, herbarium voucher specimens, barcode using rbcL. About 1500 species collected, 60% are identified. Utility of GPS palm top for field records. Data will be stored in BOLD when the database can accept plant data. Collaboration with Muthama Muasya, UCT, to identify cyperaceae, being established.

13. Decline in endangered species: Rhino, elephant and other red listed species have been steadily declining due to habitat loss and unsuitable use of their products. Other species unlisted also experience the same trend. Vital role of forensic science in curbing illegal trade and in conservation Population growth of human and increase in demand on resources has lead to increased illegal use of wildlife Forensic science can support law enforcement thus reducing illegal trade in wildlife products. Richard Bagine, Kenya Wildlife Service Forensic science in illegal trade on wildlife and other products

14. ABBI: 5 specimens per sp of birds and 10 000 aimed by 2010 FISHBOL: to barcode 30,000 species by 2010 Fresh water quality project recently funded which will use morphological and molecular identification on indicator species of fresh water. 2 yrs, based in Maryland, $250 000. It will be the first comparison between traditional taxonomic approach with molecular methods African Bush meat. David Schindel: New Projects

15. Discussion questions/suggestions Specimen collections - piggy-backing on other activities to add value/reduce cost (e.g. Seeds for Life activities) BecA: Network links (BecA with ASARECA, CORAF, WABNET) Cost of sequencing Is the focus purely on Agriculture Based on CBOL information would you be able to comment on the molecular definition of species? What about those individuals that hybrid that has broke the species isolation barrier? Quality control of PCR process for reliability of species assignment BOLD data is secured by password, unless released by source. Hence, no need to have a local database for each project.

16. Discussion questions/suggestions cont: Preferred markers for phylogeny (since COI is too short for phylogeny reconstruction) 5 specimens appear to be sufficient to account for any intra-species variations Other issues