1. Dulce et Decorum Est
Analysis - THEMES

2. WARFARE

3. Theme - WARFARE
As Owen describes it, war becomes a never-ending nightmare of muddy trenches and unexpected gas attacks. Interestingly, with the new-fangled technology of WWI, there doesn't even need to be a real enemy present to create the devastation and destruction. Set in the middle of a gas attack, this poem explores the intense agony of a world gone suddenly insane – and the unfortunate men who have to struggle through it. As the poem itself asks, how can anyone condone so much suffering?

4. Questions about WARFARE
Does the description of battle in this poem seem realistic? Can you easily imagine it? Why or why not?
Do you have any sense of why the soldiers in this poem are fighting?
Describe the most vivid images in this poem. Are they actually battle-images?
Whom does the speaker blame for the continuance of the war?

5. Analysis of WARFARE "…deaf even to the hoots
Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind" (7-8).
"Five-Nines" are gas shells, the dropping of which starts off the action of the rest of the poem. The fact that even the shells seem "tired" and "outstripped" suggests that the war might be dragging on too long.
"Gas! Gas! Quick, boys! – An ecstasy of fumbling,
Fitting the clumsy helmets just in time;" (9-10)
The exclamations at the beginning of line 9 speed up the pace of the poem, bringing us into the action with all the drama that the soldiers themselves experience. The hyphen in the middle of the line reinforces this urgency, moving through the pause in the middle of the line as if it, too, is suddenly sped up.
“Men marched asleep.” (5)
War seems like a continual process in this line: even when the men are "sleeping," they're advancing or retreating from the field of battle. The image as a whole contributes to the ghost-like quality of the soldiers in this poem.

6. Analysis of WARFARE "Many had lost their boots
But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind;" (5-6)
The trench warfare of WWI caused lots of soldiers' legs to rot. Literally. Mired in mud and gore, the soldiers often had to spend hours (if not days) standing in trenches. The detailed description of how men come to be wounded is followed by sweeping statements about the condition of all soldiers.
"If in some smothering dreams you too could pace
Behind the wagon that we flung him in," (17-18)
Owen's phrasing here is intentionally vague: does the experience seem like a "smothering dream" to those who are living it, or would the reader have to enter into a dream-state in order to understand it?

7. Extension of Warfare: DISCUSSION
"Dulce et Decorum Est" becomes a chronicle of the living dead: the soldiers whose minds remain trapped in the horrors of battle. DISCUSS...

8. Patriotism

9. Theme of PATRIOTISM
In this poem, dying for your country (or even fighting for your country) seems a lot less worthwhile than the trumped-up truisms of old patriotic battle cries imply. Strategically drawing his readers through the ghastly reality of life in a battle zone, Owen turns excitement about patriotism into a kind of deadly life force. The people at home just can't understand how horrible life on the front actually is. The soldiers in war can't remember why they are fighting. Everyone, it seems, is lost: lost in a fog of war or in the useless ideals that sacrifice youth in the name of national glory.

10. Questions about PATRIOTISM
Why doesn't Owen insert a wartime slogan in English? What does the Latin quote in the poem's last lines add to the overall effect of poem?
Is there a difference between the "boys" in battle and the "children" in the last stanza?
Is Owen's poem unpatriotic? Why or why not?
What is the poem's attitude towards civilian opinions of the war? How can you tell?

11. Analysis of PATRIOTISM
"My friend, you would not tell with such high zest
To children ardent for some desperate glory,
The old Lie: Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori." (25-28)
In this deeply ironic account of the efforts to get young men to enroll in the armed forces, the "zest" for patriotism and glory is undercut by all of the horrors that occur earlier in the poem. Owen's choice of the word "children" is an interesting one: it points to an innocence that will be lost forever once the "boys" step onto the battlefield.
"Dulce et decorum est
Pro patria mori." (27-28)
Read by schoolchildren throughout Britain, this excerpt from Horace's works can be translated as "It is sweet and proper to die for one's country."

12. Extension of Patriotism: DISCUSSION
"Dulce et Decorum Est privileges individual well- being (or ending individual suffering) over the collective good.” DISCUSS...

13. Suffering

14. Theme of SUFFERING
Physical pain and psychological trauma blur in this searing description of a World War I battleground. Caught in the memory of a gas-attack, the poem's speaker swings back and forth between the pain of the past (the actual experience of battle) and the pain of the present (he can't get the image of his dying comrade out of his head). As Owen argues, war is so painful that it becomes surreal

15. Questions About SUFFERING
Does the gassed soldier ever seem like a real character in this poem? Why or why not?
What formal devices does Owen use to make the suffering of soldiers seem realistic? (See our "Symbols, Imagery, Wordplay" section for some starting points.)
Who suffers more in this poem: the gassed soldier or the speaker?
Which is more important: the loss of innocence or the loss of bodily integrity? What in the text allows you to draw your conclusion?

16. Analysis of SUFFERING "Bent double, like old beggars under sacks,
Knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed through sludge," (1-2)
The bodies of the soldier are twisted and contorted, making their experience seem completely different from the sorts of marching that we usually see in military parades. Here they're like "beggars" and "hags" – cast-off elements of society.
“Men marched asleep.” (5)
Ok, maybe sleeping is the best thing that people can do in the midst of all this trudging through mud and bullets - but sleep deprivation can't be all that pleasant. Unfortunately, in this poem, it's the least of the speaker's worries.
"Many had lost their boots But limped on, blood-shod. All went lame; all blind; Drunk with fatigue; deaf even to the hoots Of tired, outstripped Five-Nines that dropped behind." (5-8)
Words like "lame," "blind," "drunk" and "deaf" suggest that the soldiers have been stripped of their bodily integrity before they even enter into battle. They're almost zombie-men, stumbling through the dark with bodies that don't work anymore. And that's before the gas attack.

17. Analysis of SUFFERING "But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime..." (11-12)
Lime, or quicklime, is a chemical compound that can burn through the human body (sort of like fire). Referring to death by fire or lime allows Owen to describe the horrors of gassing as both natural and unnatural suffering…it's like fire and lime-burns combined.
"In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning." (15-16)
Because the trio of verbs in line 17 are gerunds (verb forms that end in –ing), we get the sense that the action is in the present tense. The speaker's comrade dies over and over in his dream, making the suffering of wartime casualties never- ending.
"…the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;" (17-18)
The man described here seems almost inhuman…as if the physical effects of gassing can transform his body into a version of hell on earth. His very face begins to melt off of him.

18. Analysis of SUFFERING "If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,—" (21-24)
The intense imagery of these lines emphasizes howunimaginable such horrors are for the civilian population. No one can understand how excruciating it is to die of gas poisoning, unless, of course, you're watching your comrades choke on their own blood.
"But someone still was yelling out and stumbling
And flound'ring like a man in fire or lime..." (11-12)
Lime, or quicklime, is a chemical compound that can burn through the human body (sort of like fire). Referring to death by fire or lime allows Owen to describe the horrors of gassing as both natural and unnatural suffering…it's like fire and lime-burns combined.
"In all my dreams, before my helpless sight,
He plunges at me, guttering, choking, drowning." (15-16)
Because the trio of verbs in line 17 are gerunds (verb forms that end in –ing), we get the sense that the action is in the present tense. The speaker's comrade dies over and over in his dream, making the suffering of wartime casualties never-ending.

19. Analysis of SUFFERING "…the white eyes writhing in his face,
His hanging face, like a devil's sick of sin;" (17-18)
The man described here seems almost inhuman…as if the physical effects of gassing can transform his body into a version of hell on earth. His very face begins to melt off of him.
"If you could hear, at every jolt, the blood
Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungs,
Obscene as cancer, bitter as the cud
Of vile, incurable sores on innocent tongues,—" (21-24)
The intense imagery of these lines emphasizes how unimaginable such horrors are for the civilian population. No one can understand how excruciating it is to die of gas poisoning, unless, of course, you're watching your comrades choke on their own blood.

20. Extension of Suffering: DISCUSSION
“By drawing readers directly into the action of battle, Owen's speaker manipulates us into assuming the anti-war stance that results from his own experiences of the war.” DISCUSS...