1. The Post World War Two World Lovingly presented by… Mr. Mosqueda (and of course, Mrs. Drake)

2. The Costs of WWII 50-70 million dead worldwide; 400,000 American deaths An estimated $ 1 trillion dollars = financial cost of WWII ($341 billion spent by U.S.) The Soviet Union (Russia + its satellite nations) suffered the greatest losses (20+ million deaths); was united by Joseph Stalin under a communist regime. Much of Europe and Japan lay in ruins and required rebuilding. – 5 billion cubic yards of rubble lay in Germany alone Britain, France, Germany, and Japan were no longer great military powers. United States and Soviet Union (two nations with most success in defeating Hitler) become two competing world powers – Democracy vs. Communism – the Cold War begins

3. Potsdam Conference (1945) Prior to the end of WWII, President Truman met with Joseph Stalin (USSR) and other world leaders to discuss what to do with a defeated Germany. Truman was afraid of Communism spreading across Europe under Stalin’s influence and did not want a repeat of the anger caused by strictly punishing Germany for war damages as was done after WWI. Joseph Stalin wanted revenge on Germany and demanded severe reparations (U.S.S.R. had lost the most in the war). At the conference, it was decided however, that the German economy must recover after the war or else total devastation would fall across Europe.

4. Potsdam Conference (1945) Truman offered Stalin a deal where he could get some reparations from the German government, but he would have to donate food and supplies to the German people. Also, Truman learned of the successful test of the atomic bomb (Trinity Test) during this conference and told Stalin about it. – Hearing the news that the U.S. had an atomic bomb, Stalin felt bullied into accepting the deal. – Created tension between USA and USSR – roots of the Cold War Germany was divided into four temporary zones of occupation administered by the United States, USSR, Britain, and France until Germany was rebuilt (5 years).

5. Berlin Crisis/ Rebuilding of Germany Truman believed that if Germany was restored, the rest of Europe would be OK. By 1948, US realized that USSR was trying to sabotage the Marshall Plan in Germany. 1/3rd of Germany (East) was under Soviet control, the rest (West) was “free.” Germany separated into 2 countries when USSR cut off all ties to West Germany. Truman sent supplies to Berlin, Germany in an event called the Berlin Airlift. – 80 tons of food carried into Berlin over 11 months sustained 2.5 million residents – One of the greatest aviation feats in history

6. United Nations Replaced the League of Nations, which failed after WWI because the United States did not join. Purpose: “bring all nations of the world together to work for peace and development, based on the principles of justice, human dignity and the well-being of all people.” The United Nations came into existence on Oct. 24, 1945, with 51 member countries and its headquarters in New York City. Since 2007, the UN has been made up of 192 countries who all agree to abide by its rules and support its goals.

8. The Marshall Plan Europe was facing major economic problems. Plan named for U.S. Secretary of State George Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe (1947) – Restore a working economy and fight against hunger and poverty – U.S. contributed $13 billion in aide. – Only countries who were not communist could apply to receive money under the Marshall Plan.

9. Rebuilding of Japan U.S. bombing raids had devastated most Japanese cities. Hiroshima and Nagasaki lay in ruins with long-lasting effects of the atomic bombings. All major cities (except Kyoto) in Japan were devastated with food shortages which would last for years. The United States temporarily occupied Japan until 1952 to oversee recovery efforts and the writing of a new Japanese constitution. – Japanese Emperor Hirohito lost all political and military power; made a mere symbol of the country – Right to vote given to all Japanese citizens – Human rights guaranteed – No army or warfare allowed War crimes trials held with hundreds executed for war crimes

10. Nuremberg Trials An International Military Tribunal was set up by the U.S., USSR, Britain, and France to try former Nazis for war crimes committed during the war. 24 Nazis were accused and tried for such things as crimes against peace, waging aggressive warfare, and war crimes. All but 2 were convicted and sentenced to death or life imprisonment. Nuremberg Trials were the first of many trials against high-level Nazi officials. Trials would continue into the 1960’s and 70’s. These trials established the fact that, even in war, murder, rape, and unnecessary force are crimes. Many Nazis escaped Europe and are hiding to this day. The United States also allowed top Nazi scientists to enter the country to use their expertise to develop the space program.

11. Creation of Israel In 1948, the U.N. recommended a new state (country) to be created near Palestine in Israel as a Jewish homeland. – Israel was occupied by the British at the time – Arab lands taken when new boundaries were drawn Arab countries did not allow/accept the creation of the new nation and promised war. State of Israel declared May 14, 1948 – David Ben-Gurion becomes Prime Minister – USA (Truman) immediately recognized Israel’s independence as a new nation. US remains a strong supporter of Israel today, angering many Islamic nations (root of modern terrorism)

12. Creation of Israel – UN Plan Israel to be divided between Arabs (Muslims) and Israeli Jews according to map at left with the holy city of Jerusalem being administered by a neutral international commission. In spite of plan, the territories are disputed by both Arabs and Jews. 1967 – In the Six Day War, Israel seized the West Bank and Gaza Strip from Palestinians, causing ongoing violence between the groups. These regions were occupied by Israel until 2005 when Israel gave up the Gaza Strip and the northern part of the West Bank to Palestians.

14. NATO and the Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) formed by treaty on April 4, 1949 Alliance formed between the U.S., Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, The UK, and Greece. Designed to prevent possible attacks by Communist nations. Members agree to defend one another if attacked. Warsaw Pact formed in response to NATO by eight Communist nations: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and the USSR. Member nations agreed to defend each other if attacked. In 1956, however, the USSR took military action against Hungary, one of its own member nations, killing thousands. The break up of the Soviet Union (USSR) and the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1991, greatly weakened the Pact.

15. NATO/Warsaw Pact North Atlantic Treaty Organization – If one country is attacked, then the rest would provide assistance West Germany allowed to join Communist Countries (Eastern Europe) signed the Warsaw Pact

16. Today’s Secret Word… Communism A system of government where all citizens contribute equally to society and have equal ownership in everything produced. Eventually capitalism would be destroyed and turn into communism Karl Marx 

17. Capitalism “free county” where people own Businesses to make money “American Dream” (USA since 1787) Socialism The government controls everything To ensure everything is fair and equal (“communist” Countries during Cold War) Communism Idealistic self-government where people contribute equally for the good of the entire country (never happened) Least Fair  Fair  Most Fair

18. Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but your chains!

19. The Iron Curtain The presence of the Soviet Army in Eastern Europe ensured pro-communist governments would be established Satellite Nations – Followed policies of USSR (Soviet Union) – Separated communist nations in East from the capitalistic nations in West – Tension with USA and Western Europe – Japan is allied with USA From the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea, an iron curtain has descended across Europe. Behind that line all the capitals of Central Europe…All are subject to Soviet influence and are controlled by Moscow.

20. Asian Conflicts 1949 Communists win the Chinese Civil War – Mao Zedong (Chairman of the Communist Party) becomes leader of China – Chang Kai-shek flees to Taiwan – American fear of communism grows

21. Truman Doctrine The USA started a policy of containment – Prevent communism from spreading across the globe Stalin and communists leaders try and push communism across the middle east President Truman made a speech – USA will not allow communism to spread any further, will attack if necessary – Socialistic countries attack “free” countries, destroying peace (disease) – Truman Doctrine

23. The Cold War Rivalry between USA (Western Europe) and Soviet Union (Eastern Europe) – Both sides began developing weapons (arms race) – No actual fighting actually took place – People scared that attack was imminent – Lasted from 1945-1990 Built bomb shelters in back yards Video Clips: – Do It Yourself Fallout Shelter Do It Yourself Fallout Shelter – Happy Days

24. High school students plan for impending attack

26. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RHj15wVXec

27. Duck and Cover! (Video) (http://www.archive.org/details/duck_and_cover_ipod)

28. US/USSR/Russian Nuclear Weapon Stockpile

29. Changed in 2007 due to North Korea’s recent nuclear tests, Iran’s nuclear ambitions and the more than 26,000 weapons owned by USA and Russia

30. Countries with Nuclear Weapons United States (NPT) 1945 (9,938) Russia (NPT) 1949 (16,000) England (NPT) 1952 (200) France (NPT) 1960 (350) China (NPT) 1964 (200) India 1974 (70-120) Israel (undeclared) (75-200) Pakistan 1998 (30-80) North Korea (withdrew from NPT) 2006 (1-10) South Africa (disassembled) Iran (in development) Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Turkey, Canada, Greece (share weapons, borrowed from USA)

33. The Korean War At the end of WWII, the USA sent troops to disarm the Japanese troops stationed there Pushed troops to the 38 th Parallel North: Communist (Soviet) South: Nationalists (USA) Two governments organized, each wanted power of the whole country June 25, 1950: North Korea invades South Korea Video Clip: Truman justifies invasion and asks for war powersTruman justifies invasion and asks for war powers

34. 38 th Parallel Divided N and S Korea Line of demarcation: most heavily armed border in the world

36. Korean DMZ From the North From the South 155 Miles long, 2.5 Miles Wide Soldiers from both sides patrol the area and occasional violence happens

39. End of Korean War Eisenhower fulfills his promise to visit Korea Considers using nuclear weapons to end the war, finds that they would not be effective UN signs an armistice to end fighting. 38 th Parallel remains most heavily fortified border in the world

40. Kim Jong il

41. Tallest flagpole in the world (525 ft)

42. Korean War President Truman calls on the UN to act With UN approval, Truman sends Douglas MacArthur to Korea, pushes troops back to 38 th Parallel to Chinese border China enters the war, fighting with the communists, sending US/UN troops back across the 38 th Parallel MacArthur angry, wants to block China’s ports and drop the Atomic Bomb Truman fires MacArthur (Video Clip)Video Clip) – Keep peace, show who is Commander-in-Chief – Truman: MacArthur a “Prima Donna”

43. MacArthur’s Farewell Address “I have just left your sons fighting in Korea…” “Old soldiers never die; they just fade away." "And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career and just fade away — an old soldier who tried to do his duty as God gave him the light to see that duty. Good-bye."

44. Korean War War continued through July, 1953 More than 33,600 US solders died (battles) More than 20,600 died from accidents and disease “Police Action” Expanded Cold War to Asia – Japan, South Korea, Taiwan Philippines, Australia – China, Vietnam (Communist) M*A*S*H

45. Affluent Society After the war, the economy grew quickly Income tripled GI Bill  College and $ for soldiers returning from the war Consumerism – Spend money on luxury items Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, coffee makers. Blenders, etc

46. The Baby Boom Baby Boom…when men came home from the war, they started having babies One child born every seven seconds

47. Suburbia Families began moving to the suburbs “Idealistic” lifestyle Mass-produced homes Phoenix began growing Leave it to Beaver Happy Days VIDEO CLIP

48. Gender Roles Women started staying home with kids – Reversed progress “Happy Housewife” Women encouraged to learn how to cook, clean and look beautiful for their husbands Video clip: Lifestyles

49. Gender Roles “Let’s face it, that wonderful man in your house is providing you with many opportunities for you and your children…all young married women should set their sights on a happy home, a host of happy friends and a bright future by helping minimize your husband’s stress and supportive of his job.”

50. New Technology Televisions became affordable – 80% of homes had a TV Variety shows, Kids/Family Shows and Westerns were popular Video Clip: TechnologyTechnology

51. Music Rock and Roll – Elvis Presley, Bill Haley “Rock Around the Clock” is considered the first Rock and Roll Song R&B – Chuck Berry, Little Richard, Fats Domino – Video Clip: Entertainment Entertainment

52. Elvis gets drafted 1957: Elvis Presley gets drafted into the US Army and serves 2 years

53. Juvenile Delinquents/Bad Guys Cool to be bad/rebellious James Dean The Fonz Teenagers seek their identity and independence

54. The Red Menace Beginning in the 1940s, Truman was accused of harboring spies in the highest level of government Thousands of people were fired – Alger Hiss Denied being a communist, sent to prison for perjury (5 yrs) Controversy: guilty or not? Stationary salesman, Died in 1996

55. Joseph McCarthy Republican Senator from Wisconsin Made a list of people whom he accused of being communist spies – Celebrities, reporters, etc… Became a national figure – Explosive allegations became national headlines Played into people’s fears – USSR nuclear technology – Fall of China Feud with Edward R. Murrow Movie Clip: Good Night and Good Luck http://www.americanrhetoric.co m/MovieSpeeches/moviespeechg oodnightandgoodluckmcarthy.htm l

56. McCarthyism Reckless and unsubstantiated method of “seek and destroy” at all costs Intense paranoia against communism and personal character Video Clips: – McCarthyism – Have You No Sense of Decency?

57. HUAC House Un-American Activities Committee – Investigative committee in the House of Representatives – Investigate “suspicious” behavior – Investigated Hollywood Celebrities “Hollywood 10” Blacklist

58. Hollywood Blacklist Movie stars were “blacklisted” based on political beliefs and associations – Accused of being communists after refusing to assist HUAC investigations "Are you now or have you ever been a member of the communist party?" Many had a difficult time finding work afterwards Some gave names to the committee to take pressure off themselves

59. Larry AdlerLarry Adler, actor and musician Luther AdlerLuther Adler, actor and director Stella AdlerStella Adler, actress and teacher Edith AtwaterEdith Atwater, actress Howard BayHoward Bay, scenic designer Ralph BellRalph Bell, actor Leonard BernsteinLeonard Bernstein, composer and conductor Walter BernsteinWalter Bernstein, screenwriter Michael BlankfortMichael Blankfort, screenwriter Marc BlitzsteinMarc Blitzstein, composer True BoardmanTrue Boardman, screenwriter Millen BrandMillen Brand, writer Oscar BrandOscar Brand, folk singer Joseph Edward BrombergJoseph Edward Bromberg, actor Himan BrownHiman Brown, producer and director John Brown, actor Abe BurrowsAbe Burrows, playwright and lyricist Morris CarnovskyMorris Carnovsky, actor Vera CasparyVera Caspary, writer Edward ChodorovEdward Chodorov, screenwriter and producer Jerome ChodorovJerome Chodorov, writer Mady ChristiansMady Christians, actress Lee J. CobbLee J. Cobb, actor Marc ConnellyMarc Connelly, playwright Aaron CoplandAaron Copland, composer Norman CorwinNorman Corwin, writer Alan LomaxAlan Lomax, folklorist and musicologist Avon LongAvon Long, actor and singer Joseph LoseyJoseph Losey, director Peter LyonPeter Lyon, television writer Aline MacMahonAline MacMahon, actress Paul MannPaul Mann, director and teacher Waldo SaltWaldo Salt, screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner 2003: 208) Bill ScottBill Scott, voice actor (Cohen 2004: 178) Art SmithArt Smith, actor (Schwartz 1999) Lionel StanderLionel Stander, actor Howard Da SilvaHoward Da Silva, actor Roger De KovenRoger De Koven, actor Dean DixonDean Dixon, conductor Olin DownesOlin Downes, music critic Alfred DrakeAlfred Drake, actor Paul DraperPaul Draper, actor and dancer Howard DuffHoward Duff, actor Clifford J. DurrClifford J. Durr, attorney Richard Dyer-BennettRichard Dyer-Bennett, folk singer José FerrerJosé Ferrer, actor Louise Fitch (Lewis)Louise Fitch (Lewis), actress Martin GabelMartin Gabel, actor Arthur GaethArthur Gaeth, radio commentator William S. GailmorWilliam S. Gailmor, journalist and radio commentator John GarfieldJohn Garfield, actor Will GeerWill Geer, actor Jack GilfordJack Gilford, actor Tom GlazerTom Glazer, folk singer Ruth GordonRuth Gordon, actress and screenwriter Lloyd GoughLloyd Gough, actor Morton GouldMorton Gould, pianist and composer Shirley GrahamShirley Graham, writer Ben GrauerBen Grauer, radio and TV personality Mitchell GraysonMitchell Grayson, radio producer and director Horace GrenellHorace Grenell, conductor and music producer Uta HagenUta Hagen, actress and teacher Dashiell HammettDashiell Hammett, writer E. Y. "Yip" HarburgE. Y. "Yip" Harburg, composer Robert P. HellerRobert P. Heller, television journalist Lillian HellmanLillian Hellman, playwright and screenwriter Nat HikenNat Hiken, writer and producer Michael WilsonMichael Wilson, screenwriter Rose HobartRose Hobart, actress Judy HollidayJudy Holliday, actress Roderick B. HolmgrenRoderick B. Holmgren, journalist Lena HorneLena Horne, singer and actress Langston HughesLangston Hughes, writer Marsha HuntMarsha Hunt, actress Leo HurwitzLeo Hurwitz, director Charles Irving, actor Burl IvesBurl Ives, folk singer and actor Sam JaffeSam Jaffe, actor Leon JanneyLeon Janney, actor Joseph JulianJoseph Julian, actor Garson KaninGarson Kanin, writer and director George KeaneGeorge Keane, actor Donna Keath Pert KeltonPert Kelton, actress Alexander Kendrick Adelaide KleinAdelaide Klein, actress Felix KnightFelix Knight, singer and actor Howard KochHoward Koch screenwriter Tony KraberTony Kraber, actor Millard LampellMillard Lampell, screenwriter John La ToucheJohn La Touche, lyricist Arthur LaurentsArthur Laurents, writer Gypsy Rose LeeGypsy Rose Lee, actress and ecdysiast Madeline Lee, actress1 Ray LevRay Lev, classical pianist Philip LoebPhilip Loeb, actor Ella LoganElla Logan, actress and singer

60. MargoMargo, actress and dancer Myron McCormickMyron McCormick, actor Paul McGrath, radio actor Burgess MeredithBurgess Meredith, actor Arthur MillerArthur Miller, playwright Henry MorganHenry Morgan, radio and TV comedian Zero MostelZero Mostel, actor Jean MuirJean Muir, actress Meg MundyMeg Mundy, actress Lynn Murray Ben Myers Dorothy ParkerDorothy Parker, writer Arnold PerlArnold Perl, radio writer Minerva PiousMinerva Pious, actress Samson RaphaelsonSamson Raphaelson, screenwriter and playwright Bernard Reis Anne RevereAnne Revere, actress Kenneth RobertsKenneth Roberts, writer Earl RobinsonEarl Robinson, composer and lyricist Edward G. RobinsonEdward G. Robinson, actor William N. RobsonWilliam N. Robson, radio and TV writer Harold RomeHarold Rome, composer and lyricist Norman RostenNorman Rosten, writer Selena RoyleSelena Royle, actress Coby RuskinCoby Ruskin, TV director Robert St. JohnRobert St. John, journalist Hazel ScottHazel Scott, jazz and classical musician Pete SeegerPete Seeger, folk singer Lisa SergioLisa Sergio, radio personality Artie ShawArtie Shaw, jazz musician Irwin ShawIrwin Shaw, writer Robert Louis ShayonRobert Louis Shayon, former president of radio and TV directors' guild Ann ShepherdAnn Shepherd, actress William L. ShirerWilliam L. Shirer, journalist Allan SloaneAllan Sloane, radio and TV writer Howard K. SmithHoward K. Smith, journalist Gale SondergaardGale Sondergaard, actress Hester SondergaardHester Sondergaard, actress Lionel StanderLionel Stander, actor Johannes SteelJohannes Steel, journalist Paul StewartPaul Stewart, actor Elliott SullivanElliott Sullivan, actor William SweetsWilliam Sweets, radio personality Helen TamirisHelen Tamiris, choreographer Betty ToddBetty Todd, director Louis UntermeyerLouis Untermeyer, poet Hilda VaughnHilda Vaughn, actress J. Raymond WalshJ. Raymond Walsh, radio commentator Sam WanamakerSam Wanamaker, actor Theodore WardTheodore Ward, playwright Fredi WashingtonFredi Washington, actress Margaret WebsterMargaret Webster, actress, director and producer Orson WellesOrson Welles, actor, writer and director Josh WhiteJosh White, blues musician Irene WickerIrene Wicker, singer and actress Betty Winkler (Keane)Betty Winkler (Keane), actress Martin WolfsonMartin Wolfson, actor Lesley WoodsLesley Woods, actress Richard YaffeRichard Yaffe, journalis Phoebe BrandPhoebe Brand, actress (Schwartz 1999; Buhle and Wagner 2003: 50) Charles DaggetCharles Dagget, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Phil EastmanPhil Eastman, cartoon writer (Cohen 2004: 178) Carl ForemanCarl Foreman, producer and screenwriter (Buhle and Wagner 2003: xi) Michael GordonMichael Gordon, director (Dick 1982: 80) John HubleyJohn Hubley, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Lester KoenigLester Koenig, producer (Herman 1997: 356) Lewis LeverettLewis Leverett, actor (Schwartz 1999) John McGrewJohn McGrew, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Bill MelendezBill Melendez, animator (Cohen 2004: 178) Paula MillerPaula Miller, actress (Schwartz 1999)

61. Review McCarthyism Video clip (McCarthyism and Segregation)

62. I Like Ike 1952 Presidential Election General Dwight Eisenhower elected (Republican) – Campaigns against “Korea, Communism and Corruption” – Promises to personally visit Korea – First soldier since US Grant (Civil War) to be elected president

64. National Interstate and Defense Highways Act Spend $25B to create 41,000 miles of highways across the United States in 10 years Assists with transportation and defense Even #s E/W Odd #s N/S

66. Earl Warren President Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren to be chief justice – Wanted to run for president – Conservative/Republican governor of California

67. Brown v. Board of Education Schools were segregated – The system of “separate but equal” in public schools is not adequate because of inferior schools Oliver Brown was concerned about his daughter’s (Linda) school. Not only did it receive less funding, but there was a “white” school much closer to his house Hired famous lawyer Thurgood Marshall of the NAACP Challenged Jim Crow Laws (video clip)

68. Video Clip

69. Brown v. Board of Education Unanimous decision: Segregation of students in public schools violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, because separate facilities are inherently unequal. District Court of Kansas reversed. Ended Segregation Thurgood Marshall eventually becomes the first African American on the Supreme Court

70. End of Segregation Decision of the courts outlawed segregation in all public schools immediately

71. Desegregation Not everyone was happy with the decision Senator Henry Byrd (D-VA) organized a program to close schools, rather than desegregate Governor Orval Faubus of Arkansas George Wallace (1963) Eisenhower called Warren “the biggest mistake of my presidency” (too liberal) – Eisenhower enforces law

72. Little Rock Nine Governor Orval Faubus (Arkansas) called the National Guard to stop nine African American students from entering Little Rock High School Showdown with President Eisenhower who ordered the national guards to stand down Sent additional troops to Arkansas for protection Faubus shut down the schools for two years afterwards in retaliation Video Clip: BvB and Little Rock Nine

74. Rosa Parks One year after BvB, an African American woman named Rosa Parks was riding in a bus… Refused to give up her seat to a white man “People always say that I didn't give up my seat because I was tired, but that isn't true. I was not tired physically, or no more tired than I usually was at the end of a working day. I was not old, although some people have an image of me as being old then. I was forty-two. No, the only tired I was, was tired of giving in.”

79. Montgomery Bus Boycott African Americans began boycotting the busses Help from Martin Luther King Successful protest, segregation on public transportation declared unconstitutional Beginning of the Civil Rights Movement