1. Why Is The Incineration Of Waste A Necessity For A Successful Recycling Society? Prof.Dr.-Ing.habil. Dr.h.c. Bernd Bilitewski Fakultät Forst-, Geo- und Hydrowissenschaften, Fachrichtung Wasserwesen, Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten Athens 10. 6. 2010

2. Folie 2 1. Introduction 2. Hazardous Components in Waste and in Material Recycling 3, Conclusion Content

3. Folie 3 1. Introduction

4. Folie 4 Consumption and recycling of packaging in Germany in 1.000 tons Source: GVM Wiesbaden Consumption Quantity for Recycling Recycling in % Total amount of packaging Year Consumption and recycling in 1.000 tons

5. Folie 5 Waste Paper Recycling

6. Folie 6 Recycling Of Batteries

7. Folie 7 Hazardous Components in Waste and in Material Recycling

8. Folie 8 O O O Si CH 3 n = 1-4 n = 1Hexamethylcyclotrisiloxan (D3) n = 2Octamethylcylotetrasiloxan (D4) n = 3Decamethylcyclopentasiloxan (D5) n = 4Dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxan (D6) SiO O CH 3 n = 0-2 n = 0Hexamethyldisiloxan (L2) n = 1Octamethyltrisiloxan (L3) n = 2Decamethyltetrasiloxan (L4)

9. Folie 9 Problems from Organosilicons in waste Silicon dioxide in gas motor of a landfill in Thessaloniki (Greece) Photo from Karaganidis

10. Folie 10 Therapeutic groupCompounds% Recoveries (% RSD) Analgesics and anti- inflammatories Surface waterWWTP effluentWWTP influent Ketoprofen86 (±5)50 (±6)90 (±13) Naproxen86 (±5)80 (±1)93 (±5) Ibuprofen80 (±1)121 (±9)100 (±2) Indomethacine66 (±1)50 (±5)60 (±12) Diclofenac85 (±2)50 (±1)55 (±10) Mefenamic acid81 (±1)60 (±2)60 (±4) Acetaminophen11 (±3)86 (±5) Acetylsalicylic acid12 (±1)38 (±1)22 (±2) Phenazone97 (±2)50 (±3)50 (±9) Phenylbutazone50 (±2)20 (±7) Propyphenazone101 (±4)72 (±3)97 (±9) Codeine54 (±2)86 (±6)112 (±4) Lipid regulators Clofibric acid71 (±2)53 (±10)61 (±11) Gemfibrozilnd Bezafibrate79 (±5)69 (±3)101 (±8) Fenofibrate60 (±4)130 (±7)116 (±1) Atorvastatin calcium51 (±17)43 (±10) Mevastatin61 (±8)57 (±10) Pravastatin sodium193 (±1)172(±6) Hazardous compounds Damià Barceló

11. Folie 11 Deca brominated biphenyl Poly brominated Diphenylether (PBDE) Tetra brominated bi-phenol A Isomer of Hex brominated cyclododecan Flame-retardant Chemicals

12. Folie 12 Hazardous Components in WEEE Heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, etc.) Organic Compounds Brominated flame retardant Source: Chancerel (2007)

13. Folie 13 1 Bi-phenol A; 2 4-tert-Octylphenol; 3 4-Nonylphenol; 4 Pentachlorophenol; 5 TMDD; Graphic: NLM Endocrine disrupting compounds

14. Folie 14 Concentration of BPA and NP in waste paper from Dresden (mg/kg) [Gehring et al., 2005] PackagingGraphical Paper

15. Folie 15 Recycling toilet paper from Germany, Australia and China contaminated with 2,4,7,9-Tetramethyl-5-decin-4,7-diol (TMDD) Biphenyl A, and 4-Nonylphenol (Gehring, Vogel, Bilitewski 2009) Germany Australia China

16. Folie 16 Concentration of Cadmium in Household Waste 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 electronic waste other composite material other plastic products shoes rubber leather fines 10 - 40mm non packaging films fines <10mm textiles plastic bottles and containers wood packaging composites packaging films paper and cardboard organic waste diapers 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% concentration loadcontribution 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 electronic waste other composite material other plastic products shoes rubber leather fines 10 - 40mm non packaging films fines <10mm textiles plastic bottles and containers wood packaging composites packaging films paper and cardboard organic waste diapers 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% concentration loadcontribution 330 Specific Load Contribution Concentration (mg/kg)

17. Folie 17 CONCLUSIONS

18. Folie 18 MSWI - state of the art > 90 % grate firing systems electric net energy efficiency around 20 % (up to 30 %) steam parameters app. 400 °C, 40 bar Gate fees 70 -– 100 €/Mg

19. Folie 19 Comparison of Dioxin emission in reality: Modern Waste incineration plant:10,01 ng/m³ Hazardous waste incineration plant:10,01 ng/m³ Household store:1001,00 ng/m³ Open fire place:100010,00 ng/m³ Fire works:10.000100,00 ng/m³ Burning landfill100.0001000,00 ng/m³

20. Folie 20 0,07% 0,04% 0,40% 0,009% 1,18% 0,19% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% PCDD+PCDF NOXSOXCdHgdust Total emissions Emissions of WtE Emissions from waste incineration in relation to total national emissions in Austria [Stengler, E. ]

21. Folie 21 Material flow of hazardous compounds of an incineration plant of municipal solid waste (Reimann, D.O ) Waste Input Hazardous Compounds Anorganic Cl, S, F ∑ Heavy metals Organic Dioxine, etc. Incineration 100 % 11,5 kg/Mg2,65 kg/Mg30 kg/Mg Anorganic ∑ Heavy metals Organic Hazardous Compounds and Slag 41 %77 % <19 % Energy (vessel) Flue Gas Cleaning Clear Flue Gas Anorganic ∑ Heavy metals Organic 0,15 %0,007 %0,07 % Residuals from flue gas cleaning system Anorganic ∑ Heavy metals Organic 59 % 23% 45%

22. Folie 22

23. Folie 23 Quelle: UBA 2006 CO 2 – Reduction in Germany

24. Folie 24 Fossil CO2-emission factors (by energy content) for several waste types and fossil fuels 35,9 Mg CO 2 /TJ 111,0 93,0 74,0 56,0 39,9 26,6 0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0 100,0 120,0 Rohbraunkohle Steinkohle Heizöl Erdgas Hausmüll Hausmüllähnlicher Gewerbeabfall Sperrmüll Mg CO 2,fossil /TJ RDF (Biol. stab.) 18,9 RDF (Mat. flow sep.) 31,6

25. Folie 25 CO 2 -avoidance costs in €/Mg CO 2,äq wind power combustion (logging remains and straw) Digestion (liquid manure, sewage sludge, bio waste) Gasification (logging remains and straw) WtE Fischer- Tropsch fuel photovoltaic Reference range of 50 – 100 €/Mg CO 2,äq eligible costs by BMWi (2001) Comparison to other eligible renewable energies

26. Folie 26 Thank you for your attention! Institut für Abfallwirtschaft und Altlasten Tel.: 03501-530021 Mail :abfall@mail.zih.tu-dresden.de Web: www.tu-dresden.de/fghhiaa/ Vielen Dank für Ihre Aufmerksamkeit!