1. Chapter 14 Part 4 The Impact of the Reformation on Women and the Counter Reformation

2. Protestant Women Luther: a woman’s place is in the home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon! Luther: a woman’s place is in the home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon! Luther DID promote the idea that all of us had a special calling to our occupations…so all women had a calling to be home makers Luther DID promote the idea that all of us had a special calling to our occupations…so all women had a calling to be home makers Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order

3. Marriage Protestant churches had greater official control over marriage than the Catholic church did Protestant churches had greater official control over marriage than the Catholic church did Protestant suppressed common law marriages Protestant suppressed common law marriages Catholic governments followed the Protestant example Catholic governments followed the Protestant example

4. Marriage Marriage became more companionate…emphasis on love Marriage became more companionate…emphasis on love Luther and his wife, Katerina von Bora, served as a good example of a companionate marriage Luther and his wife, Katerina von Bora, served as a good example of a companionate marriage Luther: sex to be enjoyed Luther: sex to be enjoyed Catholic Church: sex only for procreation Catholic Church: sex only for procreation

5. Increased women’s literacy The emphasis on all being able to read the Bible worked in favor of increased women’s education The emphasis on all being able to read the Bible worked in favor of increased women’s education Religion was the most appropriate subject for women to study Religion was the most appropriate subject for women to study Women were expected to teach their children so Women were expected to teach their children so Schools for girls appeared Schools for girls appeared

6. Philip Melanchthon …Confessions of Augsburg guy …Confessions of Augsburg guy Played a huge role in establishing schools for girls in the Protestant German states Played a huge role in establishing schools for girls in the Protestant German states BUT Protestant women did not have the opportunity the Catholic women had in terms of serving the Church BUT Protestant women did not have the opportunity the Catholic women had in terms of serving the Church

7. Status of Women Continued to diminish Continued to diminish Women gradually lost rights to manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name Women gradually lost rights to manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name

8. Catholic Women Continued opportunities to serve the Church through religious orders Continued opportunities to serve the Church through religious orders Angela Merici : founded the Ursuline order of nuns in the 1530’s to provide education and religious training for girls Angela Merici : founded the Ursuline order of nuns in the 1530’s to provide education and religious training for girls Wanted to combat heresy through Christian education Wanted to combat heresy through Christian education Order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1544 Order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1544 Much activity in France and the New World Much activity in France and the New World

9. Catholic Women Teresa de Avila (Spanish) Leader in the reform movement for monasteries and convents Teresa de Avila (Spanish) Leader in the reform movement for monasteries and convents Believed that an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation Believed that an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation Had visions of saints Had visions of saints

10. The Catholic Reformation and Counter Reformation Two movements at first but merged by 1560 Two movements at first but merged by 1560 Catholic Reformation began with Pope Julius II in 1517 with the Laterine Council: To clarify Catholic doctrine. Catholic Reformation began with Pope Julius II in 1517 with the Laterine Council: To clarify Catholic doctrine. Produced the doctrine of Transubstantiation (Hus) and continued with Adrian VI (unusual Dutch Pope) Produced the doctrine of Transubstantiation (Hus) and continued with Adrian VI (unusual Dutch Pope) Counter Reformation: a reaction to Protestantism: how to bring ‘em back to the Catholic Church Counter Reformation: a reaction to Protestantism: how to bring ‘em back to the Catholic Church

11. Pope Paul III Was the most important Pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism Was the most important Pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism Was not interested in new doctrines but in improving existing doctrines to improve Church discipline Was not interested in new doctrines but in improving existing doctrines to improve Church discipline Goal was twofold: to respond to critics within the Church regarding Church abuses AND to respond to the gains of Protestantism Goal was twofold: to respond to critics within the Church regarding Church abuses AND to respond to the gains of Protestantism

12. The Council of Trent 1545-1563 Three sessions Three sessions Established Catholic dogma for the next 4 centuries Established Catholic dogma for the next 4 centuries

13. Outcomes of the Council of Trent 1. Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers 2. Salvation by good works and faith 3. All 7 sacraments valid 4. Transubstantiation was reaffirmed 5. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy, and purgatory were reaffirmed

14. Outcomes of Trent 6. Approved the Index of Forbidden Books Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church (like those of Erasmus) were banned from Catholic countries Severe punishments for anyone possessing a book on the list

15. More outcomes… 7. Church reforms: abuses in the sale of indulgences, sale of Church offices curtailed 8. Bishops given more control over clergy: were callings genuine? 9. Seminaries established to train priests 10. Valid marriages were public marriages 11. Established the Papal Inquisition (in the Papal States, parts of Italy. 6 Cardinals given full powers

16. New Religious Orders 1540 The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) 1540 The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) Founder: Ignatious Loyola Founder: Ignatious Loyola Organized order in military fashion Organized order in military fashion Spiritual Exercises used to train Jesuits Spiritual Exercises used to train Jesuits 3 Goals: 3 Goals: Reform the Church through education Reform the Church through education Preach Gospel to pagan peoples Preach Gospel to pagan peoples Fight Protestantism Fight Protestantism

17. The Jesuits Beginning in 1542 oversaw the Italian and the Spanish Inquisition Beginning in 1542 oversaw the Italian and the Spanish Inquisition In Spain: persecution of Moriscos and Christian Jews who were suspected of “Backsliding” In Spain: persecution of Moriscos and Christian Jews who were suspected of “Backsliding” In Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing the Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in Ghettos in Papal states In Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing the Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in Ghettos in Papal states The persecution of Jews increased all over Europe The persecution of Jews increased all over Europe

18. Eastern Europe Remained Catholic as well as Southern German States, Spain, Portugal, 10 of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands (now Belgium), Italy Remained Catholic as well as Southern German States, Spain, Portugal, 10 of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands (now Belgium), Italy Jesuit schools among the finest in Europe Jesuit schools among the finest in Europe

19. Results of the Reformation Western European Christian Unity was shattered Western European Christian Unity was shattered BUT religious enthusiasm was rekindled BUT religious enthusiasm was rekindled Church abuses were finally curtailed Church abuses were finally curtailed Religious wars to follow Religious wars to follow The rise of Baroque Art (began as part of the Catholic Reformation The rise of Baroque Art (began as part of the Catholic Reformation

20. Baroque Art Began as part of the Catholic Reformation Began as part of the Catholic Reformation To teach and demonstrate in an (emotional way) the awesome glory and power of the Catholic Church To teach and demonstrate in an (emotional way) the awesome glory and power of the Catholic Church Was encouraged by the Papacy, the Jesuits Was encouraged by the Papacy, the Jesuits Was big in France, Flanders, Austria, S. Germany and Poland Was big in France, Flanders, Austria, S. Germany and Poland Later spread to Protestant countries and regions Later spread to Protestant countries and regions

21. Baroque Art Tried to overwhelm the viewer Tried to overwhelm the viewer Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Emphasized grandeur, emotion, movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme Was literally HUGE Was literally HUGE Will later be used by monarchs to emphasize THEIR power and glory (Louis XIV & Versailles) Will later be used by monarchs to emphasize THEIR power and glory (Louis XIV & Versailles)

22. Architecture and Sculpture Bernini (1598-1650) baroque architect and sculptor Emotion AND motion Many fountains throughout Rome Many fountains throughout Rome The Colonnade in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (his greatest architectural achievement) The Colonnade in front of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome (his greatest architectural achievement) The Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s The Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s The Ecstasy of St. Teresa his altarpiece evokes tremendous emotion The Ecstasy of St. Teresa his altarpiece evokes tremendous emotion

23. The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

24. Bernini’s David

25. The Colonnade (Bernini)

26. Baroque painting Broad areas of light and shadow Broad areas of light and shadow Color: more true to nature Color: more true to nature Concerned with overall dynamic effect: not so concerned with clarity of detail Concerned with overall dynamic effect: not so concerned with clarity of detail Designed to give the viewer a spontaneous personal experience Designed to give the viewer a spontaneous personal experience

27. Carvaggio (Roman) 1571-1610 First important Baroque painter First important Baroque painter Highly emotional scenes Highly emotional scenes Sharp contrasts of light and dark for dramatic effect Sharp contrasts of light and dark for dramatic effect Sometimes used ordinary people for models for Biblical scenes (and was criticized for it) Sometimes used ordinary people for models for Biblical scenes (and was criticized for it)

28. Adoration of the Shepherds

29. Peter Paul Reubens (Flemish) 1577-1640 Worked for the Hapsburg court in Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands) Worked for the Hapsburg court in Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands) Emphasized color and sensuality Emphasized color and sensuality Animated figures, melodramatic, huge Animated figures, melodramatic, huge About one half of his work dealt with Christian subjects About one half of his work dealt with Christian subjects Was known for his sensual nudes, Saints, Angels, Roman Goddesses, Water Nymphs Was known for his sensual nudes, Saints, Angels, Roman Goddesses, Water Nymphs

30. Rubens: The Issue of Souls in Purgatory