1. THE LANDSCAPE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ATTACHMENT An Overview From the Practicing Psychologist’s Perspective With Links to Basic Research Wells Hively, Ph.D. and Ann Dell Duncan-Hively, Ph. D, J.D Workshop for SAWERAA Mahatma Gandhi Center, St. Louis, MO, 28 April 2012

2. THE UNIQUELY HUMAN PERIOD OF INFANCY

3. STAGES OF NEUROLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

4. GENETICALLY DETERMINED PERSONALITY TRAITS

5. GENETIC PROGRAMMING OF EARLY CARETAKING

6. THE CONNECTION TO ETHOLOGY Conrad Lorenz and His Orphaned Goslings

7. BASIC LEARNING PROCESSES: REINFORCEMENT, PUNISHMENT AND EXTINCTION

8. CARETAKING STYLES

9. ALL THE FOREGOING ARE INGREDIENTS OF ATTACHMENT THEORY Windows of unfolding neurological development, genetically pre-determined personality traits (of both the baby and the caretaker) and genetically pre- determined patterns of parent/child interaction form the basis of initial attachment. Then the relationship is shaped by reinforcement, punishment and extinction (of both the child’s behavior and the caretaker’s behavior) arising from the surrounding environment and from the daily interactions between the caretaker and the child. Attachment theory brings together neurology, developmental psychology, ethology, behavioral psychology and Freudian Psychoanalysis – a heroic integration.

10. STAGES: INITIAL ATTACHMENT

11. STAGES:TRANSFER OF ATTACHMENT

12. STAGES:ESTABLISHMENT OF A SECURE BASE

13. SOMEBODY HAS TO COMMIT Romanian OrphanageAmerican Day Care Center

14. PATTERNS OF CARETAKER ATTACHMENT Traditional, nuclear family structures Extended family structures “Modern” family structures: Equal time parents Stay at home dad Primary Nanny Same-sex partners

15. FAILURE SCENARIOS Hospitalized/orphaned children Stressed/traumatized primary caretakers Natural/social disasters (“Lost” boys and girls, child soldiers, gang members, Madrassa recruits) Mothers/fathers whose own attachment failed

16. ATTACHMENT OUTCOMES Healthy attachment – self-confident, trustful, empathetic, loyal Anxious attachment – uncertain, dependent, preoccupied, submissive Narcissistic detachment (withdrawal) – dismissing, avoidant, resistant, callous, sociopathic Ambivalent attachment - (swinging between anxious attachment and narcissistic detachment) Disorganized attachment – post-traumatic characteristics

17. ATTACHMENT AND TRAUMA Healthy attachment – resilience Anxious attachment – dependency Narcissistic detachment– violent retaliation and/or repetition Ambivalent attachment – hysterical distrust Disorganized attachment - psychosis

18. ATTACHMENT AND SEXUAL EXPERIENCE Healthy attachment – connected sex: Empathy, trust and mutual comfort Unhealthy attachment – kinky sex: Dependency, Detachment, distrust and self-centeredness

19. CONCLUSION Take care of the babies and the grown-ups will take care of themselves Prevention is the cure When the baby is on the way - Identify, prepare and protect the primary caretakers Security, peacefulness, time and sensitivity The awesome power of play

20. LINKS The fundamental theorist, John Bowlby, now deceased, was long associated with the Tavistock Institute in London which continues to carry on related work with children and families www.tavinstitute.org www.tavinstitute.org Mary Ainsworth, formerly professor at Johns Hopkins University and the University of Virginia, also now deceased, designed the fundamental research paradigm for assessing attachment in children from age 1 to 2, known as the Strange Situation. She leant her name to the Mary D. Ainsworth Clinic, associated with the University of Virginia, applying attachment theory to therapy and parent training. http://attachmentclinic.org http://attachmentclinic.org

21. MORE LINKS Other key individuals in the field of attachment theory include: Mary Main, University of California, see Lifespan Learning Institute: www.lifespanlearn.org www.lifespanlearn.org Alan Sroufe, University of Minnesota: www.attachment-training.com www.attachment-training.com Everett Waters, Stonybrook University: www.johnbowlby.com www.johnbowlby.com From their web sites you can find everyone else.

22. TECHNICALITIES Much of the power of attachment theory comes from its tremendous face validity. It integrates a broad and powerful set of psychological concepts, and in purely intuitive terms it just feels correct. But research findings that support it rely on ethological/anthropological methods that are detailed and complex, requiring rigorous training of the observers and analysts in order to insure reliability. Ainsworth’s Strange Situation Technique for assessing attachment in children age 1 to 2 is very well validated and the results have been cross-culturally replicated. Main’s technique for assessing attachment in adults is also well validated, and security of mother’s attachment (“autonomous” descriptions of childhood experiences) has been shown to correlate with security of their children in the Strange Situation. Waters’ Q-Sort Technique for assessing children’s attachment in the home setting has also been shown to correlate with degrees of attachment found in the Strange Situation. Of course, once children have learned to talk, they can be interviewed with questionnaires similar to those used by Main. Such assessments, and others based on projective techniques, are under development but not yet well validated. Probably the best currently available technique for assessing attachment for practical purposes is just a detailed history of early childhood caretaking, collected from all available participants.