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Published byLorin Carr Modified over 9 years ago
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By: Melissa Montes, Annalise Castner, and Jessica Roesgen
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32.1 Skeletal System The skeleton supports the body, protects internal organs, assists movements, stores minerals, and is a site of blood cell formation.
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The Skeleton There are 206 bones in the adult body. The 2 types of skeleton systems are Axial skeleton: this supports the central axis of the body. It consist of the skull the vertebral column and the rib cage. Appendicular skeleton: The bones of the arms, legs, pelvis, and shoulder area.
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Bones Bones are a solid network of living cells and protein fibers are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts. Structure of bones Nerves and blood vessels run through out compact bone in channels called Haversian canals.
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Structure of Bones Long bones are surrounded by a tough layer of connective tissue called periosteum. Bones are cavities that contain a soft tissue called bone marrow. Yellow marrow: contains mostly fat Red marrow: produces blood cells
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Development of bones Cartilage: type of connective tissue that is soft, strong, and flexible that supports the body. Ossification: process were cartilage is replaced by bone Osteoblasts: secrete mineral deposits that replace cartilage in developing bones Osteocytes: help maintain the minerals in bone tissue and continue to strengthen the growing bone Osteoclasts: cells that break down bone minerals
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Joints Joints contain connective tissue that holds bone together. Joints permit bones to move without damaging each other Types of Joints: Immovable- cranium and sacrum Semi-moveable- vertebrae Freely moveable- ball and socket, pivot, hinge, and saddle.
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Structure of Joints Ligaments: hold bones together in a joint and are attached to the membrane that surround bones. Bones are held together by ligaments
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32.2 Muscular system
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Muscle Tissue There are three different types of muscle tissue: Skeletal- attaches to and moves bones; voluntary Smooth- controls breathing, digestive system; involuntary Cardiac- muscles only found in the heart; voluntary
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Muscles and Movement Muscles are joined to bones by connective tissues called tendons Skeletal muscles generate force and produce movement by pulling on body parts as they contract Muscles work in pairs, one contracts and the other relaxes Flexor contracts when bone angle is decreased Extensor contracts when angle between bones increases
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32. 3 Skin-The Integumentary System The integumentary system serves as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temperature, removes waste from the body, gathers information, and produces Vitamin D
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Integumentary System Structures Skin and its related structures-the hair, nails, and several types of glands-make up the integumentary system. Epidermis: outer layer of the skin Outer layer is dead skin, inner layer are living cells Keratin: tough fiber that causes waterproofing Melanocytes: cells that produce brown pigment called melanin
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Dermis The dermis lies beneath the epidermis and contains the protein collagen, blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, sensory receptors, and hair follicles. Forms finger prints Sebaceous glands: secrete an oily substance called sebem that is released at the surface of the skin
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Skin Problems Acne: develops when sebem and dead skin cells form plugs in hair follicles Hives: Allergic reactions to food or medicine often display themselves as red welts. Skin Cancer: Excessive exposure to ultra violet radiation in sunlight and artificial radiation from tanning beds can produce an abnormal growth of cells in the skin
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