Telecommunications Standards

Telecommunications Standards
Business-led, Business-like Phone: February 9, 2015

Jim MacFie Chair of Canadian Mirror Committee for JTC 1
Head of Delegation for Canada to JTC 1 Vice-chair of ITU-T Strategic Review Committee Liaison Officer from JTC 1 to ITU-T February 9, 2015

Outline Intro, Business value Standards bodies, Standards development
Canadian scene Standards policy issues February 9, 2015

What is a Standard? Definition of a Standard Practical Manifestations
from the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) A standard is a document that provides requirements, specifications, guidelines or characteristics that can be used consistently to ensure that materials, products, processes and services are fit for their purpose. Practical Manifestations Voluntary standards from Standards Development Organizations (SDOs) Profiles established by industry forums and consortia Mandatory standards (e.g., by regulation - product safety, electromagnetic compatibility, spectrum allocation) De facto standards (standards without an SDO, e.g. VHS video recording format) Industry/government initiatives Inter-governmental treaties (e.g., World Trade Organization agreements on Telecom Services) February 9, 2015

Why standards? In the beginning (1865)…
The telecom industry used to be made up of monolithic national networks (one operator and one supplier) The International Telecommunication Union developed network standards to enable international connections and service interoperability Transmission links (analog and digital multiplex hierarchy) Signalling protocols (Signalling System 7) International border National network National network February 9, 2015

Why standards? More recently…
In the era of deregulation, telecom nets are characterized by many network operators, each utilizing many equipment vendors A further consequence of deregulation is that telecom systems are being subdivided into smaller and smaller components, and the number of interfaces subject to standardization increases Access nets, previously a national concern, are now the subject of global standardization Data traffic exceeds voice traffic, enabled by a set of Internet standards February 9, 2015

Globalization Successful companies seek to extend their markets – national, regional, global The telecoms market is rapidly becoming a global market Global standards enable a global market The standards development process is becoming global – national bodies decrease in significance; regional bodies extend their influence outside their region February 9, 2015

Standards Benefits: Interoperability
Network operators: Multiple sources of supply (decrease risk of sole supplier dependencies/lock-in, improve choice at competitive prices) Interoperability e.g. multi-vendor networks, service interop Assurance that investment in technology should not abruptly change or fail Vendors / developers: Network vendors can sell to all service operators, freed from vendor specific R&D Reduce customization Build reputation / customer confidence - strong standards brand Larger markets from wide adoption, greater economies of scale February 9, 2015

Complimentary actions Standards
Interoperability Interoperability can be enhanced by developing software engineered to be interoperable or by voluntary publication and/or direct licensing of proprietary technologies Several approaches must be used together to be most effective Standards do not ensure interoperability on their own A product can be compliant with a standard but still not interoperate with other compliant products Standards often contain options and variants, and sometimes ambiguities or errors Some SDOs offer conformance testing services or interoperability testing services Some SDOs derive profiles to agree options among a set of implementers Complimentary actions Standards February 9, 2015

Business Value of Standards: Growth and Innovation
When standards respond to market needs they fuel market growth, reduce the risk of investing in new technologies and help promote innovation Standards provide new technologies with interfaces necessary for the vendor ecosystem to innovate around. In doing so, they agree to share the innovative technology in the standard on reasonable terms, reduce the risk of duplicating R&D and allow vendors to focus on differentiating features. If developed and implemented using open processes, standards help create opportunities for product differentiation and promote more choices for users. This in turn enhances innovation and competition among vendors. The net effect is one of growth and development in the technology sector. February 9, 2015

Intelligence gathering Protect Existing Products / Market
Standards Strategies Reactive Strategy Proactive Strategy Intelligence gathering standards information / expertise customer requirements industry trends competitor plans or product info new product opportunities New Markets leadership in new technology / features earlier roll-out of compliant products product promotion include R&D innovation/IP creating market discontinuities to disrupt competitors/incumbents Collaborative strategies with customers Market Driven Protect Existing Products / Market avoid redesign by proposed changes to standards / regulations to which products are compliant minimize re-development expense, protect market share or both Contain R&D costs minimize regional variations and resultant market-specific R&D constrain standards features to those with market support avoid unnecessary development Cost Containment February 9, 2015

Timeline – Standards Development Organizations
2000 World Wide Web Consortium European Telecommunication Standards Institute JTC IETF Standards Council of Canada 1950 International Organization for Standardization Canadian Standards Association American National Standards Institute International Electrotechnical Commission British Standards Institute 1900 February 9, 2015 International Telecommunication Union

Standards Development Process:
Parties negotiate within an established SDO or a purpose-built new one to agree upon selection of technologies that best meet requirements for the standard Who participates depends on the standard To promote efficient coordination and good behavior, SDOs establish operational processes to agree work items, working methods, approval processes, policies for example how to include patented technologies Rules can have an impact on your objectives/costs in participation, or in the selection of proposals February 9, 2015

Involvement Levels in Standards Topics
Lead Defines the standards question, picks the venue (may start a new body); promotes the success of the chosen venue over others; desires one outcome when several are possible; attends regularly, contributes; requires premium membership, fair-share and strategic hosting; senior office holders or technical gurus are essential Big step up from Participate Participate Participants desire one standards outcome when several are possible; attend regularly and contribute to achieve a position; requires membership in the relevant bodies and fair-share hosting; office holders or technical gurus are important Monitor Lets others do the work and accepts their result, but knows developments as they happen; requires membership in the relevant bodies, frequent attendance and fair-share hosting Can move up to Participate quickly if we are no longer prepared to accept the result (e.g. if a competitor attempts to re-open a stable standard) Ignore Accepts any result whenever the standards process completes; doesn’t attend or contribute; doesn’t belong to the relevant bodies Difficult to quickly spool up to Monitor or any higher level February 9, 2015

Types of Standards Bodies
Accredited National accreditation is granted by National Standards Organizations Treaty-based Established by treaty agreements among member states Partnerships Multiple accredited bodies working jointly to develop standards Forums and Consortia Typically not-for-profit corporations Some develop standards, others promote a specific technology Industry Associations Often include a business advocacy function along with standards development Government Advisory Councils Make recommendations on regulations February 9, 2015

Types of Standards Bodies – orthogonal view
Global Develop globally applicable standards Regional Develop regionally applicable standards and often prepare regional positions for the global bodies National Develop or adopt (from the global or regional bodies) national standards and often prepare national positions for the regional or the global bodies February 9, 2015

In successful standards processes. . .
Decisions are reached through consensus among those affected Participation is open to all affected interests Balance is maintained among competing interests The process is transparent – information on the process and progress is directly available Due process assures that all views will be considered and that appeals are possible The process is flexible, allowing the use of different methodologies to meet the needs of different technology and product sectors The process is timely; purely administrative matters do not slow down the work Standards activities are coherent, avoiding overlap or conflict Source: In addition, successful standards processes must lead to quality standards (implementable, error-free, testable) February 9, 2015

International Orgs International Telecommunication Union (1865)
Founded in 1865, the ITU is now a specialized agency of the UN. The Telecom Standardization sector, ITU-T, has developed extensive standards for the telecom industry International Organization for Standardization (1947) Huge range of industrial standards, including management standards International Electrotechnical Commission (1906) Publishes standards for the electrical and electronic industries ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 (1987) Founded by ISO and IEC to develop IT standards Convergence of technology has brought the SDOs closer together. Popular topics like ICTs and the environment show up everywhere. February 9, 2015

“The Big Three” ISO IEC ITU JTC 1 ITU-R ITU-T ITU-D
Other Technical Committees ITU-R Radiocommunications ITU-T Telecommunication Standardization ITU-D Development Collaboration ISO, IEC and ITU have a relationship with the World Trade Organization, thus their specifications get WTO recognition as “International Standards” and are “desirable” from a national body perspective February 9, 2015

ITU-T Study Groups Study Group 2 Operational aspects
Study Group 3 Economic and policy issues Study Group 5 Environment and climate change Study Group 9 Broadband cable and television Study Group 11 Protocols and test specifications Study Group 12 Performance, QoS and QoE Study Group 13 Future networks Study Group 15 Optical transport networks and access network infrastructures Study Group 16 Multimedia coding, systems and applications Study Group 17 Security February 9, 2015

JTC 1 Scope and Mission Statement
Scope: Standardization in the field of Information Technology Information Technology includes the specification, design and development of systems and tools dealing with the capture, representation, processing, security, transfer, interchange, presentation, management, organization, storage and retrieval of information. Mission: Develop, maintain, promote and facilitate IT standards required by global markets meeting business and user requirements concerning: design and development of IT systems and tools performance and quality of IT products and systems security of IT systems and information portability of application programs interoperability of IT products and systems unified tools and environments harmonized IT vocabulary user friendly and ergonomically designed user interfaces February 9, 2015

JTC 1 Governance Membership: JTC 1 members are National Bodies
34 Participating (P) Members 58 Observer (O) Members Meetings: JTC 1 holds annual Plenary meetings. All other decisions are taken by Letter Ballots Structure: JTC 1 is composed of 20 Subcommittees, three Special Working Groups, one Study Group and three direct-report Working Groups Products: The final product of the work conducted within JTC 1 is the published International Standard - usually about each year Experts: ~ 2100 technical experts from around the world work within JTC 1 February 9, 2015

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
The IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee is a standards project under the auspices of the IEEE Computer Society, and under the supervision of the IEEE Standards Association IEEE 802 develops Local Area Network standards and Metropolitan Area Network standards. The most widely used standards are for the Ethernet family, Token Ring, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs. An individual Working Group provides the focus for each area. Contribution to draft standards in Working Groups and determination of WG consensus is by individual IEEE members (as opposed to corporate members). Individuals vote, so meetings can be stacked. February 9, 2015

Forums and Consortia - General Description
Anyone can start one Membership open to all who pay fees Provide a legal (no antitrust) context for deal-making “Develop” and endorse specifications typically by vote (not consensus) Contributions often required to be based on product (present or planned) Usually a complementary Marketing/Publicity committee to promote the body and its ‘products’ Forums and Consortia have come from nowhere to be a significant part of the global standards community February 9, 2015

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The primary standards body for the Internet Develops most (but not all) IP-related protocol standards A ‘culture of individuals’ No memberships; meeting participation fees only Work extensively by ; three meetings per year > 100 Working Groups, structured in eight “Areas” New WGs initiated following ‘Birds of a Feather’ (BOF) sessions which determine interest level, scope of activity, etc. Decisions/approvals by “Rough consensus and running code” No formal voting; “show of hands” recently replaced by “hums” Disputes resolved by discussion and demonstration Demonstrate operational stability/interoperability prior to ‘Standard’ level approval IETF meets three times a year, attracting over ,000 people to each Plenary February 9, 2015

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) Culture and Informal Influence
Bottom up Pragmatic (experience-based) Individualistic Corporate agendas and affiliations downplayed Technological orientation; selective in topics to be addressed Formal process adverse (e.g. no formal IETF membership) Some antagonism towards the “Establishment”: Tendency towards “Not Invented Here” syndrome Informal Influence Participate actively in discussions and WG meetings influence “working consensus” Be able to cite prototypes or product Downplay corporate ties Volunteer as draft editor Downplay business issues in favor of technical contributions Internet Gurus exert great influence: reputation built over time history of technical contributions strong architectural and implementation skills considerable public relations skills February 9, 2015

External Standards Leadership
Set the agenda, pace and prime venue for standards development Contribute to standards body reform for improved effectiveness (e.g. timeliness) Facilitate achieving company standards development objectives; thwart competitors’ objectives Enhance credibility and strengthen goodwill with major customers Early understanding of customer requirements; exploit market opportunities External Standards Leadership: A key element of strategic standards management; if you don’t capitalize on leadership opportunities you default to the competition February 9, 2015

External Standards Leader Profile
Standards leadership involves bringing a diverse set of interests to an agreed position Senior standards leaders are more likely to be generalists than specialists, and soft skills are essential The skills required are those of Influencing, negotiating, interpersonal relationships, consensus building, teamwork Having a broad industry perspective Administering an organization (knowledge of finance, legal, HR) Communicating, orally and in writing Standards leaders must continue to deliver significant value to the product business Dual responsibilities of office holders (employer and the standards body) must be held in a fine balance Gurus Gurus are recognized world-class technical experts February 9, 2015

Standards Council of Canada
The Standards Council of Canada (SCC) is a federal Crown corporation founded in 1970 SCC is the National Body for ISO, IEC and JTC SCC also accredits eight domestic SDOs: Canadian Standards Association Bureau de normalisation du Quebec Underwriters Laboratories of Canada Standards Canadian General Standards Board Underwriters Laboratories Air-Conditioning, Heating and Refrigeration Institute ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) NSF International The Council has up to 13 members and a permanent staff of approximately 90 The organization reports to Parliament through the Minister of Industry and is funded by a Parliamentary appropriation The Chair of Council is Kathy Milsom and the Executive Director is John Walter (started a second four year term in September 2013)

SCC – other duties SCC accredits the following conformity assessment bodies: Testing and calibration laboratories Management systems certification bodies Personnel certification bodies Product and service certification bodies Greenhouse gas validation and verification bodies Inspection bodies SCC advises federal, provincial and territorial governments, industry organizations, and nongovernmental bodies on standards- and conformity assessment-related aspects of trade and regulatory policy February 9, 2015

Other Canadian ICT Players
Industry Canada represents the federal government in ITU, CITEL, APT, APEC and OECD and manages the Canadian private sector participation The Canada Health Infoway Standards Collaborative manages Canadian participation in ISO TC 215 Health Infomatics, HL7 and the International Health Terminology SDO SCC uses the term National Standards System to refer to ISO, IEC, JTC 1 and the six accredited Canadian SDOs February 9, 2015

Industry Minister Industry Canada CNO ITU CNO CITEL SMC JTC 1
Standards Council of Canada Industry Canada CNO ITU IC governance committee CNO CITEL SMC JTC 1 Also known as TCIT SMC IEC TCs SMC JTC1 SCs SMC ISO TCs ITU-T NSGs ITU-R NSGs ITU-D NSGs committees Industry Minister Sends delegates to OECD, APT to CITEL Send delegates to ITU-T to ITU-R to IEC, ISO, JTC 1 Six accredited SDOs Note 2 Note 3 Note 1 Note 4 Send delegates to ITU-D SCC – Standards Council of Canada SDO – Standards development organization SMC – Standards Council of Canada Mirror Committee IEC – International Electrotechnical Commission TC – Technical Committee ISO – International Organization for Standardization JTC – Joint Technical Committee APT – Asia Pacific Telecommunity TCIT – Technical Committee for Info Technology SC – Subcommittee CNO – Canadian National Organization NSG – National Study Group ITU – International Telecommunication Union T, R, D – Telecoms, Radiocoms, Development sectors of ITU CITEL – Inter-American Telecom Commission OECD – Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development February 9, 2015

Notes Note 1 Among other things, Standards Council of Canada is responsible for Canada`s participation in ISO, IEC and JTC 1. It does so through a series of Canadian Advisory Committees each of which mirrors the activities of a Technical Committee in IEC or ISO, or a Subcommittee in JTC 1. The SMCs for the IEC TCs report through a governance committee called the Canadian National Committee for IEC. The SMCs for ISO report through a governance committee called the Advisory Committee for Standards (which has other functions as well). The SMCs for JTC 1 subcommittees report to ACS through an intermediate SMC JTC 1, also know as the Technical Committee for Information Technology. Delegates to international meetings of ISO, IEC or JTC 1 are drawn from the SMCs. Note 2 One of the functions of Standards Council of Canada is to accredit and subsequently audit Canadian standards development organizations. Note 3 The accredited SDOs each have various committees which develop domestic standards. Note 4 Industry Canada has responsibility for Canadian participation in the International Telecommunication Union, CITEL which is the Inter-American Telecommunications Commission of the Organization of American States, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Asia Pacific Telecommunity. The first two are treaty-based SDOs and the last two are inter-governmental organizations with an interest in standards. Industry Canada has a governance committee for CITEL and the ITU. The three sectors of the ITU (Telecom, Radiocom and Development) have a system of mirror committees called National Study Groups for each ITU Study Group. Delegates to international meetings of the ITU are drawn from the NSGs. Not shown on the diagram: The Canada Health Infoway Standards Collaborative manages the SMC for ISO TC 215 Health Infomatics and also coordinates Canadian participation in HL7 (a healthcare IT SDO accredited in the US) and the International Health Terminology SDO. It also develops Canadian domestic healthcare IT standards. February 9, 2015

CANADIAN COMMUNITY SMC-JTC 1 TCIT SMC-SC2 SMC-SC6 SMC-SC7 SMC-SC17
SCC – Standards Council of Canada SMC – Standards Council of Canada Mirror Committee JTC – Joint Technical Committee SC – Subcommittee TCIT – Technical Committee for Info Technology SMC-JTC 1 TCIT SMC-SC2 SMC-SC6 SMC-SC7 SMC-SC17 SMC-SC22 SC23 SMC-SC24 SMC-SC25 SMC-SC27 SC28 SMC-SC29 SMC-SC31 SMC-SC32 SMC-SC34 SMC-SC34 SMC-SC35 SMC-SC36 SMC-SC37 SMC-SC38 SMC-SC40 SMC-SC39 February 9, 2015

CANADIAN COMMUNITY SMC-JTC 1 TCIT WG7 Sensor Nets SG Smart Cities SWG
SMC – Standards Council of Canada Mirror Committee SWG – Special Working Group WG – Working Group JTC – Joint Technical Committee IoT – Internet of things SMC-JTC 1 TCIT WG7 Sensor Nets SG Smart Cities SWG Management SWG Directives SWG Planning WG IoT February 9, 2015

Open Standards and Open Source
What Specification Software program code Model Volunteer industry collaboration; consensus-driven technology selection Document publication (not public domain) Access to specification distributed for free or at a charge/subscription, without warranties from SDO Single entity contribution or volunteer s/w development community S/W licensing model / download distribution under license terms of use, may be without contract assent Access to source code, without warranties from contributors Patents Contributors offer licenses to their essential patents to implement the standard May be patent license conditions on distribution of contributor s/w or modified s/w Implement Agreed upon standard defines necessary specs for selection of capabilities in products/solutions that any number of producers can implement Can be implemented in proprietary or open source s/w Tend to be neutral – wary of favouring one code implementation over another, accommodate range Not an agreed upon standard An implementation One way of achieving an interoperability solution February 9, 2015

How many standards ? When to have one standard and when to have more than one? AC power plugs and sockets on Wikipedia In a stable technology, one standard is preferable If technology is advancing, an established standard should not preclude the adoption of a newer, better standard Backwards compatibility is desirable, but not always achievable Should contending standards battle in the marketplace? February 9, 2015

IPR and Confidentiality - CSA
Drafts and published standards are copyright . Committee members may reproduce drafts only for purposes of standards development activity. Copyright of contributions remains with the contributor and permission must be obtained for inclusion of copyright material in a draft standard. When patented material is under consideration for inclusion in a standard, development shall not begin until a RAND patent statement has been filed with CSA. Committee documents including minutes are confidential to the SMC members, but for briefing purposes may be distributed to other individuals within a member’s organization who have a bona fide interest. SMC members may be given sensitive corporate material and must respect the sensitivity asserted February 9, 2015

Patent Policy – ITU-T A patent embodied fully or partly in a Recommendation must be accessible to everybody without undue constraints The ITU-T policy is a ‘code of practice’ regarding patents covering ITU-T Recommendations Implementation guidelines February 9, 2015

ITU Patent Policy (extract)
Any party participating in the ITU should, from the outset, draw the attention of the Director to any known patent or patent application either their own or any other organization Three situations may arise: The patent holder is willing to negotiate licences free of charge The patent holder is willing to negotiate licences on a non-discriminatory basis on reasonable terms and conditions The patent holder is not willing to comply; in such case the Recommendation shall not include provisions depending on the patent Licensing negotiations/arrangements are left to the parties concerned February 9, 2015

Open ICT Standards Attention given to “openness” of standards for various reasons “Open” is selling attribute for standards / interoperability features Used to promote adoption of common standards No one universal definition of “open standard” – is it worth defining ‘open’? Non-open specification, i.e. not generally implementable for whatever reason, is not really a standard and likely rare Standardization requires a degree of flexibility to fit different situations AND efficiency of agreed working principles some may agree upon elements of “open standard”, rather than an arbitrary definition February 9, 2015

Open Standards Elements:
Standard is developed in a process open to interested parties Agreed upon standard is publicly available free of flaws (technically implementable by all) readily available (without prohibitive barriers to implement) “Open” does not necessarily mean available free or patent free Global Standards Collaboration Resolution on Open Standards adopted certain widely-accepted principles: Standard is developed, approved, maintained by a collaborative consensus process Process is transparent (conducted in open / rule of order setting) Materially affected / interested parties are not excluded Standard is subject to RAND/FRAND IPR policies which do not mandate but may permit essential patent licensing without compensation at holder option Published standard is publicly available under reasonable terms (for free or reasonable fee) A consensus derived standard that is publicly available February 9, 2015

Backup February 9, 2015

February 9, 2015

The International Electrotechnical Commission
The IEC is the world's leading organization that prepares and publishes International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies — collectively known as electrotechnology International Organization for Standardization ISO is the world's largest developer and publisher of International Standards See the ISO orientation material at: The International Telecommunication Union The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nation See the tutorial at February 9, 2015

Business Value of Standards
The ISO view: The ITU-T view: February 9, 2015

The International Telecommunication Union
The ITU is a specialized agency of the United Nations Visit the ITU web site See the tutorial at The European Telecommunication Standards Institute ETSI ETSI is the European regional telecoms standards development organization February 9, 2015

The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)
The IETF is a globally-recognized non-accredited SDO which produces Internet protocol standards (called “RFCs”). More that 4,800 RFCs have been published since the IETF began in 1986. Visit the IETF home page at See the IETF Newcomer slides at: IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee IEEE 802 develops Local Area Network standards and Metropolitan Area Network standards, including Ethernet, Wireless LAN, Bridging and Virtual Bridged LANs Visit the IEEE 802 home page at See the IEEE 802 Newcomer Orientation slides at: February 9, 2015

Highest Impact Telecom Standards
Signaling System #7 (SS7): ITU-T circa 1988 Signaling capability to allow the Telecom network to support a wide range of end to end services (e.g calls, CLID) Quantum leap forward (re: reliability, cost, speed of connection establishment, performance) versus the channel-associated signaling systems replaced by SS7 SONET / SDH: Committee T1 / ITU-T circa 1992 Breakthrough set of standards for high capacity networking, including rates and formats, add/drop multiplexing, OAM&P, network performance monitoring for SLAs, and scalable architecture for future broadband capabilities and future high speed optical transmission AMPS: AT&T Bell Labs circa 1984 The original cellular (telephony) concept demonstrating the effective re-use of spectrum and hand-off capabilities for high speed, mobile communications Basis for 2nd and 3rd generation digital mobile communications expanding to provide text messaging, data, and other broadband communications services. These standards were true catalysts for volume deployment of state-of-the-art technologies and applications February 9, 2015

Highest Impact Datacom Standards
Ethernet: IEEE circa 1980 Foundation for most of the worlds high capacity LANs today (e.g. 10 Mbit/s, Mbit/s) Basis for Optical Ethernet (e.g. 1 GE 10 GE), wireless LANs (e.g b), and more … TCP / IP: DARPA / IETF circa 1980 The foundation of today’s Internet Open, widely embraced, and has proven to be flexible and adaptable enough to have supported the ongoing growth in Internet connectivity, addressing and traffic for years ... X.400: ITU-T circa 1976 Protocols and directory standards to support electronic messaging (i.e. ) Simplified and evolved by the IETF (circa 1981) and deployed within SMTP systems X.25: ITU-T circa 1972 Foundation of connection-oriented packet-based data communications networks Standards development and large scale network deployment a Canadian success story Frame Relay and ATM are derivatives of X.25 concepts These standards allowed the telecom and computing industries to satisfy ever-expanding data communication user needs

High Profile Standards “Flops”
ISDN: ITU-T circa 1984 Was going to revolutionize the copper-based narrowband telephony network to provide integrated voice, data and video capabilities to business and home subscribers worldwide A dream that has not been realized to this date: Telephony services are predominantly not ISDN today Data access and transport is not 64 kbit/s ISDN today; DSL may appear physically integrated (and share the same access loop) but billing, customer support and features remain separate EDI Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) – to facilitate global electronic trade of purchase orders, invoices, wire transfers, receipts, etc. ANSI X12 standards used in North America UN EDIFACT (EDI for Administration, Commerce & Transport) used in Europe Usually long-term, high volume trade between established partners Expensive technology + high entry cost + inconsistent formats = Not practical for most organizations 95% 2% Using EDI EDI Capable Small to Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Fortune 1000 February 9, 2015

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