1. Chapter 3: Elements and the Periodic Table
Section 5: Elements from Stardust

2. Conditions in Stars
The sun, and many other stars, is made mostly of hydrogen.
Extremely high pressure and temperatures (15 million degrees Celsius)

3. Plasma
The state of matter that consists of a gas-like mixture of free electrons and atoms stripped of electrons.
Highest energy
Exists in stars, comet tails, high-voltage electricity, and fluorescent lights.

4. Checkpoint 1
What is plasma?

5. Checkpoint 1 What is plasma?
The state of matter that consists of a gas-like mixture of free electrons and atoms stripped of electrons.

6. Elements Form in Stars: Nuclear Fusion
Process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, releasing huge amounts of energy.
Usually nuclei would repel each other (both positively charged), but are forced together in the high pressure environment of stars.
Creates heavier elements than it started with.
Different isotopes of hydrogen fuse, producing nuclei of helium, producing huge amounts of energy

8. Fusion in the Sun Hydrogen is the fuel that powers the sun
Scientists estimate that the sun has enough hydrogen to last another 5 billion years
As more helium builds up in the core, the sun’s temperature and volume change.
New fusion reactions occur
Two helium = beryllium
Helium + beryllium = carbon
Helium + carbon = oxygen
Stars the size of the sun don’t contain enough energy to produce elements heavier than oxygen
Eventually, shrinks and its elements blow away
Forms a nebula – cloudlike region of gases.

10. Elements From Large Stars
Larger stars become hotter than the sun and have enough energy to produce heavier elements, like magnesium and silicon
In more massive stars, fusion continues until the core is almost all iron
In the final hours of the most massive stars, a supernova (huge explosion that breaks apart a massive star, producing temperatures up to 1 billion degrees Celsius) occurs
Creates the heaviest elements

12. Everything is Stardust
Most astronomers agree that the matter in our solar system originally came from a gigantic supernova that occurred billions of years ago.

13. Checkpoint 2
What element does the fusion of a helium nucleus and a beryllium nucleus produce?

14. Checkpoint 2
What element does the fusion of a helium nucleus and a beryllium nucleus produce?
Carbon

15. Post-lesson Quiz Which state of matter has the highest energy of all?
a. solid
b. liquid
c. gas
d. plasma

16. Post-lesson Quiz
2. What do scientists call a huge explosion that breaks apart a massive star, producing temperatures up to 1 billion degrees Celsius? a. nebula b. supernova c. plasma d. fusion

17. Post-lesson Quiz
3. What is it called when two nuclei are force together, creating a heavier element and producing large amounts of energy? a. nebula b. supernova c. plasma d. fusion

18. Post-lesson Quiz
4. What do scientists call a cloud-like region of gases that can form at the end of a medium-sized star’s life? a. nebula b. supernova c. plasma d. fusion

19. Post-lesson Quiz
5. Which of the following is not a place that you can find plasma? a. comet tails b. stars c. flashlights d. high-voltage electricity