1. Italian & German Unification
Chapter 24 Section 1 and 2
Pages

2. Bonds of a Nation-State
Definition
US example
Nationality
Language
Culture
History
Religion
Territory

3. Nationalism What is nationalism?
The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history
Nationalism that unifies culturally similar lands and people
Nationalism that separates culturally different lands and people

4. Italy

5. Middle Ages: competing city-states
1. Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Middle Ages: competing city-states

6. Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces
Why wasn’t Italy united before 1850?
Metternich believed wanted to maintain old Europe (pre- Napoleon)
Congress of Vienna (1815): reorganized provinces

7. Italy is split into 3 separate groups
1.Northern Italy was under Austrian rule
2.Other parts under French Rule
3.Another part under Hapsburgs Rule
Congress of Vienna ignored national groups, placing groups under the control of large empires with different ethnicities

8. Key Events Early 1860: unification of N Italy Late 1860:
unification of N & S
1866:
Venice added
1870:
Rome added

9. Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal was to unite Italy
The Soul: Mazzini ( )
Giuseppe Mazzini was a popular writer whose goal was to unite Italy
Launched a group call Young Italy
Was exiled for his outspoken nationalism
Smuggled patriotic pamphlets into Italy
Believe that Europe need to redraw the lines
Attracted tens of thousands to Italian Unification cause

10. The Soul: Mazzini ( )
The Duties of Man: “O my brothers, love your Country! Our country is our Home, the house that God has given us, placing therein a numerous family that loves us, and whom we love…”
The Idealist Patriot

11. Uprising and Revolutions
Mazzini had help Italians realize their destiny
Nationalist inspired revolutions began to pop up on Italy
Northern State of Piedmont declared war on Austria
Lost after 1 year with Piedmont defeats
Northern States are not liberated from Austrian Empire
Revolutionaries seized Rome
Set up a Republic that Mazzini and 2 others governed
French troops would help the pope regain control
Sardinia was the only successful revolt
Revolutionaries forced rulers of Sardinia to adopt a new constitution and remain independent
Revolutionary failures do not weaken Nationalist movement

12. Sardinian Government, 1850-1861
The Brains: Cavour ( )
Cavour express nationalist movement is still strong enough t0 unite Italy even with difference
Goal is to unite Italy
Becomes Prime Minister of Sardinia
Builds Sardinia Economy
Believes that all of Italy’s Economy must thrive
Achieves in gaining a power ally in France
Noble Statesman in
Sardinian Government,

13. The Brains: Cavour (1810-1861) Supports France in war with Russia.
In return France gives Sardinia providence of Savoy and Nice
France also will support Sardinia in a war with Austria.
By 1860 the Northern Italian States w/o Venetia were liberated from Austrian control and united

14. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
Goal was to Unify Italy
Lived in exile in S. America were he learn Guerilla warfare
Helped in defeating Austria in North Unification
Led RED SHIRTS, his army of 1000 soldiers towards the South and the Kingdom of the 2 Sicily
Conquered island of Sicily then head towards Naples
Military Leader

15. The Sword: Garibaldi (1807-1882)
The North and South are conquered and united
Only Venetia and Papal States not unified…
Austria controls Venetia
Austria and Prussia go to war
Italians side with Prussia
Prussians win and give Italians Venetia
France and Prussia go to war
France pulls out of Rome(Papal States)
Unification is complete.

16. 5. What did the new, unified Italy look like?
Government:
Divisions between:
parliamentary monarchy
(King Victor Emmanuel)
Limited suffrage (most adult males)
Limited working hours
No Child Labor
Improved cities and industry
social classes (rich/poor)
New taxes led to poverty/unemployment
huge numbers emigrating to America (4.5M)
regions (N/S)
South resented being ruled by Rome
Catholic Church would not let Catholics vote out of resentment

17. GROG 24.1 Identify Cause and Effect Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by listing causes and effects of Italian unification and by indicating which effects were positive and which were negative 5 Points

18. Germany
(1871)

19. Suppose you are Giuseppe Garibaldi
Suppose you are Giuseppe Garibaldi. Write a letter to Camillo di Cavour, explaining why you believe a unified Italy would be better off as a republic than a monarchy (5 Points)
Bell Ringer 24.2
Monarchy – 1 ruler to make decisions
Republic- public votes

20. Entities:
Holy Roman Empire
loose affiliation of ≈300 German states

21. German Confederation
loose affiliation of 39 German states
replaced HRE
purpose: military defense
All have common language and culture

22. People: Frederick William IV Steps towards unification
King of Prussia (r )
1848: revolution
Agrees new liberal constitution
Agrees Prussian-led German unification
Promises reforms to increase individual rights
The people are ready to unite
Once all had settled down he went back on his promises

23. Zollverein Steps towards unification
German customs union founded in 1834 to ↑ economy
Allowed for removal of tariffs amongst German States
Business people would want unification
Railroads to connects states
Prussia = leader
included all German states but Austria b/c Austria did not want to ↓ tariffs

24. Otto von Bismarck Philosophy Prussian Prime Minister (r. 1861-1888)
Practiced REALPOLITIK
practical government not idealistic
Practical goals not make believe
Conservative who did not believe in revolutions
believed it was Prussia’s destiny to unite Germany

25. Otto von Bismarck led German unification
Increased size of military
Unification could not be done with speeches but with “Blood and Iron”
War and Industry
Parliament will not agree to raise taxes to fund this
Bismarck dismisses Parliament and collects taxes on his own
Builds Prussian Army into great war machine to unite Germany

26. Bismarck's 1st War
Prussia believes that Schleswig and Holstein should be controlled by German Confederation
Disagreement over control of
Schleswig and Holstein was a way to
Start a war with Denmark
Prussia forms and alliance
with Austria to defeat Denmark
Prussia would control Schleswig
Austria would control Holstein
Do you see an issue with this?
Austria does not want united Germany,
they control land in the middle fo Prussia

27. Austria Austria vs. Prussia over control of German affairs
Austria opposes Prussia’s 1848 unification attempt
Austria refuses Zollverein membership
Austro-Prussian War (1866)

28. Bismarck lays the ground work for war
Bismarck met with the Italian minister
If Italy support Prussia in war with Austria that Italy could have Venetia
Bismarck meets with Napoleon III (France)
France will remain neutral if war breaks out
Bismarck provokes Austria into war by putting troops in Holstein
Austria declares war on Prussia
Prussia blames Austria for starting war
Uses nationalism for support of war

29. Austro-Prussian War (1866)
Outcome:
Prussian victory
Austria withdraws
***creation of North German Confederation***
Only 3 southern states remained un-unified
North German Confederation

30. Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)
Cause:
drive south German states to unify with the north
France = common enemy
Alsace and Lorraine
Mostly Germans controlled by France
Outcome:
Prussian victory
***German unification achieved***
 German nationalism
German Empire / “Second Reich”
( )

32. What did the new, unified Germany look like?
25 states
parliamentary monarchy
strong national government:
Power shared between states and Federal Government (US)
emperor (Kaiser) Wilhelm I
Chancellor Bismarck
2-house parliament
Reichstag = lower house (universal male suffrage)
Men over age of 25 (reality is there were many restrictions)
Germany would become a new powerful empire

33. Ch Ch Ch Changes Church Economics
Bismarck passed laws limiting the catholic churches power and influence (HRE)
Kulturekampf
Struggle for culture
France paid Germany reparations for Franco-Prussian War
Germany used money to build railroads to link states
Germany quickly caught up with Europe in Industrialization

34. Bismarck will try to destroy socialism
Social Reforms
Bismarck will try to destroy socialism
Sought to destroy it appeal to German people by enacting its his reforms
He pushed legislation to provide benefits for health, accidents, old age, and disability
Industry has its critics
Socialist believe Industry have harsh conditions
State should control Industry
Socialist are blamed for 2 attempts of assassination on emperor

35. Bismarck and Wilhelm II
Bismarck was not interested in furthering Germany’s border
He see France as a continued threat
Bismarck would secure alliances with Austria-Hungry, Italy and Russia to protect each other from attack
Wilhelm I grandson, Wilhelm II becomes Kaiser
After a disagreement Wilhelm II will fire Bismarck
Wilhelm II will continue to make
alliances and build up the most
powerful military forces in Europe

36. Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by listing causes and effects of German unification
GROG Points

37. Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Chapter 24 sec 3
Pages

38. Bell Ringer Points
Imagine you are a reporter and are about to interview Otto von Bismarck. Write three short questions you will ask him about German unification and answer them how you feel that he would answer them.

39. The Austrian Empire
At the beginning of the 1800s, the Hapsburg family had controlled much of the region for nearly four centuries. But this powerful empire would not remain intact through the remainder of the 1800s.
Austrian emperor, Foreign Minister Metternich tried to maintain power of monarchy, empire
Metternich accused universities of creating revolutionaries
Resistance to Change
Metternich called meeting of Confederation, passed Carlsbad Decrees
Prohibited any reforms that conflicted with absolute monarchy
Carlsbad Decrees
Decrees established censorship of newspapers
Created secret police to spy on students suspected of revolutionary activities
Other Prohibitions

40. Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire
Resistance to Change
Metternich not only created restrictive laws for empire
Formed alliances with other European powers trying to prevent nationalist revolutions
Congress of Troppau, 1820
Called by Metternich, leaders of other powers
Leaders agreed to provide military intervention to support governments against internal revolution

41. Turmoil in Europe, Austria
Metternich able to protect power of Austrian Empire for few years
Events in Europe, changes in empire eventually caught up with him
Revolutions in France, Italy, German states set off revolts in Austrian Empire; people with different nationalities wanted independence
Revolution
Demonstrators, army clashed in streets of Vienna
Frightened emperor Ferdinand ordered Metternich to resign
Metternich fled Austria
1848, Ferdinand abdicated, throne went to nephew, Franz Josef I

42. During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire
Resistance to Change
During long reign, Franz Josef I ruled over unstable empire
1848, Hungarian Magyars rebelled against Austrian rule
Almost won independence
Czar Nicholas I of Russia sent troops to help Austria crush revolt
Franz Josef I abolished liberal reforms of 1848, but could not stamp out nationalism
Revoked new constitution, stopped revolution temporarily

43. Forming a New Government
The Dual Monarchy
Franz Josef I could not stop the nationalist movement. Change came in the form of the Dual Monarchy.
As nationalist movement continued in Europe, Austria lost Lombardy to Italy, 1859
1866, Austria’s defeat by Prussia brought new demands from Hungarians
Franz Josef I, Hungarian nationalist movement leaders reached agreement, Compromise of 1867
Forming a New Government
Created dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
Austria, Hungary became two separate, equal states with one ruler, Franz Josef I
Ruler’s title: emperor of Austria, king of Hungary
Each had own parliament, shared ministries of war, finance, foreign affairs
Compromise of 1867

44. An Uneven Solution Rural and Industrial Unrest
Dual Monarchy lasted about 50 years, until 1918
Eased pressure for nationalism; also had economic advantages
Rural, agricultural Hungary could provide raw materials, food
Industrialized Austria could provide industrial products
Rural and Industrial
Unrest in empire did not go away; divisions remained among various nationalities
Austrian Germans, Hungarian Magyars did not speak same language
Ethnic minorities received little benefit from Dual Monarchy, continued to seek self-government
Unrest

45. Multi Ethnic Groups= Many nationalisms

46. The Ottoman Empire Empire in Decline The Eastern Question
Like Austrian Empire, Ottoman Empire existed for centuries, controlled vast multiethnic territory
Within borders many different religious, ethnic groups—Greeks, Bulgarians, Turks, Kurds, Arabs, Jews
Empire in decline since late 1600s, could not survive changes of 1800s
Early 1800s, Ottoman Empire could not defend self against independence movement, external threats
1830, Greece had gained independence; Russia controlled Caucasus; Serbia self-ruled
Empire in Decline
Situation created “Eastern Question”—what would happen if Ottoman Empire collapsed?
Russia wanted Constantinople, access to Mediterranean
French, British aided Ottoman Empire, held Russia off
The Eastern Question

47. The Crimea- Dispute over the Holy Land
Ottomans, Europeans had dispute over Holy Land
Ottomans gave Roman Catholics control of Palestine holy places
Russian Invasion
Ottomans denied Orthodox Christians same rights
Russians invaded Ottoman territories
Great Britain, France
Great Britain saw Russia as potential threat to India interest
Allied with France
Both joined Ottoman Empire in war against Russia
Stalemate
Crimean War ended in stalemate, caused half million deaths
Nurse Florence Nightingale saved many lives threatened by disease and over crowding in field hospitals during war

48. Falling Apart

49. The Balkans Hot Spot Balkans another hot spot in Ottoman Empire
Nationalism in Europe created discontent among ethnic groups in region—Serbs, Romanians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Greeks all wanted independence
Conflicts and Wars
Rising nationalism, competing interests of European countries led to series of conflicts, wars in 1800s, early 1900s
Russia involved in several conflicts in Balkans
Route to Mediterranean
Russians saw Balkans/Constantinople as route to Mediterranean, wanted to gain
Great Britain, France looking out for own interests, sometimes sided with Russia, sometimes sided with Ottomans

50. National Ties Balkan Wars
Germany, Austria wanted to secure Austrian control over ethnic groups
At end, Balkan Wars cost Ottoman Empire most of its land in Europe
Balkan issues far from settled
Constantinople
With Russian troops almost at gates of Constantinople, European powers became alarmed
1878, Prussia hosted Congress of Berlin to discuss situation
Congress of Berlin
Real purpose to overturn gains Russia had made against Ottomans
Gave Austria-Hungary land in Balkans with no consideration to ethnic, national ties; led to conflicts for years to come

51. Representative Government
Political Reform
1908, nationalist group Young Turks began revolution
Young Turks fighting against absolute power of sultan, ruler of Ottoman Empire
Conflict
Young Turks devoted to restoring constitution
Revolution helped ensure more representative, liberal government
Education improved, government took steps to provide individual liberties
Representative Government

52. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
Color Transparency 134: Europe, 1803 and 1914
5 of 6

53. Nationalism Triumphs In Europe: Section 4
Note Taking Transparency 141
4 of 6

54. Using your notes, fill in the graphic organizer by identifying the effects of nationalism in Austria, Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire. (5 Points)

55. Unrest in Russia
Chapter 24 Sec 4
Pages

56. Bell Ringer 24.4
You belong to a minority ethnic group in Austria-Hungary. Write a letter to Emperor Franz Joseph I outlining why your group should have independence. Use details from the chapter in your notes.
(5 Points)

57. Unrest in Russia Main Idea Reading Focus
In the 1800s and early 1900s, Russians rebelled against the absolute power of the czar and demanded social reforms.
Reading Focus
What was government and society like in Russia in the first half of the 1800s?
What were some examples of reform and repression in Russia?
How did war and revolution affect Russia in the early 1900s?

58. Government and Society
Russia one of great powers of Europe, first half 1800s
Troops helped defeat Napoleon; leaders helped reorganize Europe after his fall
Russia very different from other European powers
Empire huge, stretched eastward far into Asia, included many different ethnic groups
Huge Empire
To govern large, diverse empire, Russian monarchs ruled with absolute power
Called czars, controlled most aspects of Russian life
Believed in autocracy, government by one leader with unlimited powers
Absolute Power

59. Serfdom Agricultural Society
Russian society under czars mostly agricultural
Unlike other European countries, Russia had not industrialized
Much of population, serfs—workers considered part of land they worked
Serfs
Controlled by lords, wealthy nobles who owned land
Technically not slaves; living conditions, lack of freedom, resembled slavery
Not allowed to leave property where born; did not own land they worked
Societal Problem
Serfs had to make regular payments of goods, labor to lords
Some in government wanted to improve conditions, unable to make reforms
Russian serfdom way of life, a major problem in Russian society

60. Gambling with the Lives of Serfs

61. Reform and Repression The Decembrist Revolt Nicholas’s Response
Russians wanted more freedoms. But Russia’s conservative czars were resistant to reform, which led to revolts, unrest, and repression.
Secret societies formed to fight against czar’s rule
Saw opportunity for change with death of Alexander I, 1825
One group called Decembrists
Included military officers
3,000 soldiers assembled near Winter Palace
Refused to declare allegiance to new czar, Nicholas I
The Decembrist Revolt
Nicholas responded by crushing rebellion
Many Decembrists captured, sent to Siberia, isolated region in far eastern Russia
Five Decembrists executed
Decembrist revolt failed, but began revolutionary movement in Russia destined to grow in years ahead
Nicholas’s Response

62. Reforms of Alexander II
Russia Lagging Behind
Alexander II came to power after Nicholas, 1855, near end of Crimean War
Loss of war showed Russia far behind rest of Europe
Did not have modern technology, industry to build competitive military
Reforms
Alexander II began program of reforms
1861, freed Russia’s serfs, gave them right to own land as part of commune
Believed terrible living conditions could bring rebellion
Economy
Alexander II hoped giving serfs own land would build market economy
Government set up system for peasants to buy land they worked on from landowner, usually with government help

63. Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia
Reform and Repression
Alexander II made other reforms to modernize Russia
Set up new judicial system
Allowed some local self-government
Reorganized army, navy
Despite reforms, revolutionary movements continued to gain strength, call for more changes
1881, radical group, The People’s Will, assassinated Czar Alexander II

65. Unrest Under Alexander II
Alexander’s son, Alexander III, became next czar
Alexander III a reactionary, wanted to go back to way things were in past, ended father’s reforms
Responded to revolutionary threats by going after individuals, groups suspected of plotting against government
Mobs began attacking Jews, killing them, destroying property
Attacks known as pogroms; first wave began after Alexander II assassinated
Some wrongly blamed Jews
Government did not stop attacks
Different Form of Unrest
1894, Nicholas II crowned
Autocratic ruler, developed industry
1890s, Russia began building Trans-Siberian Railroad to link western Russia with Siberia
Expansion east would lead to war
Industrialization under Nicholas

66. War and Revolution Expansion East War With Japan Growing Unrest
Russia expanded east
Came into conflict with another imperial power—Japan
At same time, revolution brewing
War With Japan
Early 1900s, Japan building empire, viewed Russia as threat
1904, Japanese forces attacked, defeated Russia in Russo-Japanese War
Growing Unrest
Defeat shocked many Russians, added to unrest revolution movements would not weaken
One group calling for change, Marxists—followed communist theories of Karl Marx
Marxist Ideas
Wanted to create socialist republic—no private property, state to own, distribute goods
1902, Vladimir Lenin called for revolution to overthrow czar

68. The Revolution of 1905 Revolution Begins
1905, many Russians ready to rebel against czar
January 22, Orthodox priest, Father Gapon, brought petition to czar at Winter Palace, listing number of demands
Troops fired at group; hundreds died; day known as Bloody Sunday
Revolution Begins
Bloody Sunday inspired many sectors of society to rise up against czar; rebellions broke out, czar’s strict rules disobeyed
Workers went on strike, students protested in streets
Czar promised reform, but did not follow through
Massive strike in October; 2 million workers protested in streets

73. The October Manifesto Manifesto promised constitution
In response to the Russian Revolution of 1905 and strikes, Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto, an official promise for reform and a more democratic government, but would not give up all of his absolute power.
Manifesto promised constitution
Individual liberties to all, including freedom of speech, assembly
Many gained right to vote
Provisions
Voters would elect representatives to the Duma, assembly to approve all laws
Czar continue to rule, but not pass laws without approval of Duma
Duma
Nicholas II hoped Manifesto would end revolution
Did not achieve balance between own power, democracy
People still wanted reform
End Revolution

74. GROG 24.4
Using your notes, fill in the interactive graphic organizer by ranking three major problems facing Russian society in the late 1800s and early 1900s.