1. MSc PROJECTS ACADEMIC REFERENCING Notes from Steven Caterall

2. Referencing in context Read and Take Notes Assignment Evidence to support your ideas or argument Paraphrase Direct quote Acknowledge sources used Briefly, in your text In full, at the end

3. Outline  What is a reference?  Why reference?  When to reference  How to reference  Within your assignment  At the end of your assignment

4. What is a Reference? A way of showing that you have recognised another person’s work ideas or opinions and that you have acknowledged it in your work by referring to the source. This is often called citing a reference.

5. Why Reference? Part of the marking criteria Demonstrates your reading & research Provides a check against plagiarism An acknowledgement that you have borrowed other people’s ideas, work or opinions As an aid to help others trace your information sources In order to meet copyright regulations

6. When to Reference When you ‘lift’ material directly from a source – a book or the Internet When you take an idea, theory, argument or viewpoint from a source that is not your own When you summarise or paraphrase another person’s work

7. How to Reference There are various systems for referencing Harvard system (Author/Date) is the most popular and recommended at the University You need to reference in two places: Brief details, within the main body of your assignment Full details, at the end of your assignment

8. How to Reference: Direct Quotations As Brown (2002, p.136) states, “The critical breakthrough was achieved by Thomas Hunt Morgan.” According to Brown (2002, p.136), “The critical breakthrough was achieved by Thomas Hunt Morgan” Thomas Hunt Morgan has recently been described as achieving “the critical breakthrough” (Brown, 2002, p.136) AUTHOR, DATE, PAGE NUMBER(S) Larger quotes (3 lines +): Start quote on new line and indent. No need to use quotation marks.

9. Useful verbs and phrases for introducing direct quotes As X states/ believes/ suggests /indicates/ points out / observes/ explains/ argues/ outlines/ contradicts / proposes, “…….”. For example, X has argued that “……”. According to X, “…….”. X suggests/ believes/ observes that “…..”.

10. How to reference paraphrases Thomas Hunt Morgan made the connection between partial linkage and the behaviour of chromosomes when the nucleus of a cell divides. This breakthrough was proved to be critical. (Brown, 2002). AUTHOR, DATE

11. Referencing at the end of your assignment References or Bibliography – what’s the difference?  Reference list – a single alphabetical list by author of everything you have specifically mentioned in your assignment i.e.anything you have cited or paraphrased from  Bibliography – a list of sources you have read but not specifically mentioned in your assignment

12. Reference List Ainley, P. (1994). Degrees of Difference. Higher Education in the 1990s. Lawrence and Wishart Ltd. London Avis, J. (1997) What’s This Got To Do With What I Do! Contradictory Views: students in further education, Journal of Vocational Educational and Training. 49. pp. 81-106 in Rhodes, C.. Avis, J. and Somervell, H. (1999) Records of Achievement, Higher Education and Work: passport or passenger? Research in Post-Compulsory Education, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.321-329. Ball, B. and Butcher, V. (1994) Developing Students’ Career Planning Skills: The impact of the Enterprise in Higher Education Initiative London: EHEI in Harrison, Roger. (2000). Learner managed learning: managing to learn or learning to manage. International Journal of Lifelong Learning, Vol, 19, No.4, (July-August 2000), 312-321. Clarke, C, (2003). The future of higher education. Presented to Parliament by the Secretary of state for Education and Skills by Command of Her Majesty January 2003. [Available online at] http://www.dfes.gov.uk/hegateway/uploads/White%20Pape.pdf [Accessed 31 December 2005] http://www.dfes.gov.uk/hegateway/uploads/White%20Pape.pdf Dearing Report The (1997). [Available online at] The Dearing Report, http://www.lifelonglearning.co.uk/dearing/dr3005.htm [Accessed on 17 November 2005]http://www.lifelonglearning.co.uk/dearing/dr3005.htm DfES (2002). Education and Skills: The Economic Benefits. [Available online at] http://www.dfes.gov.uk/economicbenefit/contents.shtml [Accessed 4 January 2006] http://www.dfes.gov.uk/economicbenefit/contents.shtml East, R, (2005). A progress report on progress files. The experience of one higher institution. Active Learning in Education, Vol 6 (2), pp. 160-171. The Education Academy, Sage, London. Harrison, R, (2000). Learner managed learning: managing to learn or learning to manage. International Journal of Lifelong Learning, Vol, 19, No.4, (July-August 2000), 312-321.

13. Bibliography Floud, R, (2001) The New Vocational Initiatives - a National Overview Paper given by Professor Roderick Floud, Universities UK President (2001-2003) at UVAC Annual Conference: The New Vocational Initiatives, St William's College, York on 07 November 2001. [Available online at] http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/speeches/show.asp?sp=45 [Accessed 4 January 2006].http://www.universitiesuk.ac.uk/speeches/show.asp?sp=45

14. What information do I need to include? Name(s) of the Author(s) Title When and where it was published Who published it Web site address and date you looked at it

15. Referencing books Author(s) R.R. Jordan (3 or more use ‘et al’) TitleAcademic writing course Year of Publication ©1999 Edition (if not the first)3 rd edition Place of publicationHarlow PublisherPearson Education Limited Using the title page (not the front cover) note the: Jordan, R. R. (1999) Academic writing course 3 rd ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.

16. Referencing Journal/Magazine Articles AuthorR Karrer, A Sabharwal, E Knightly Year of publication 2004 Title of article Enabling large scale wireless broadband Title of journal ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review Volume number (if present) 34 Part number (if present)1 Page number(s)27-32 Karrer, R et al (2004) ‘Enabling large scale wireless broadband’ ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, vol. 34, part 1: pp27-32.

17. Referencing a Web site Author/editor/organisation Year written (or last updated) Title URL Date you accessed it Under no circumstances should there be a ‘No author’ or Anon For future reference, print and keep a copy of the web site

18. Author Title URL Date Accessed Black, A. (no date) About: user-centred design [online] Available at: [Accessed 28 November 2003]

19. More Examples Liberty, J. (2005) Programming Visual Basic. Farnham. O’Reilly Russell, K. (2005) ‘Podcasting’ Computerworld, vol. 39, issue 44: pp34-44 The Center for Internet security (2005) CIS benchmark for wireless infrastructure [online] Available at: [Accessed 2 November 2005]

20. Referencing – More Important Points Including web sites details – Always re-format Links – Not a reference Distinguish between sources – hard copy; electronic and hard copy available electronically– all referenced differently Sources other than text - statistics, graphics, drawings, music, programming language etc.or any other type of information that does not comprise common knowledge. Referencing newer and more obscure sources

21. A suggestion for referencing code /** * Title: IntArray * * Description: JNI example code modified from the Beth Stearn's Book * Original code (Page 881 in Book. also on CD) * The Java Tutorial Continued - The Rest of the JDK, * Mary Campione,Kathy Walruth, Alison Huml, Tutorial Team, * Addison Wesley Longman, 2204. * Page 625 Java Native Interface by Beth Stearns. * Integrating Native Code and Java Programs. Sun Microsystems Inc. * http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/native1.1/index.html * (Now out of date) * * Can now down load examples from (accessed 11 October 2009) * http://java.sun.com/docs/books/jni/ * * General Reference * http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/ * * Company: Informatics * * @author G O'Rilla * @version 0.1 * Tuesday, 29 September 2009 */

22. #include #include "array_IntArray.h" #include "IntArray.h" #include using std::cout; using std::endl; //Java_jarray_IntArray_sumArray - function name in jni.h generated file //JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_jarray_IntArray_sumArray( JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jintArray arr ) { JNIEXPORT jint JNICALL Java_array_IntArray_sumArray ( JNIEnv *env, jobject obj, jintArray arr ) { // jsize len = (*env)->GetArrayLength(env, arr); // 'C' version jsize len = (env)->GetArrayLength( arr ); //C++ int i = 0; int sum = 0; // jint *body = (*env)->GetIntArrayElements(env, arr, 0); // 'C' version jint *body = (env)->GetIntArrayElements( arr, 0); // C++ for( i=0; i < len; i++ ) { sum += body[i]; } sum = IntArray::sumArray( (int *)body, (int)len ); // Can not use arr here /** This conversion also works if the above casts fail. int length = len; cout << "Length of array is: " << length << endl; int local[length]; for( int j = 0; j < length; ++j ) { local[j] = body[j]; } sum = IntArray::sumArray( local, length ); */ // (*env)->ReleaseIntArrayElements(env, arr, body, 0);// 'C' (env)->ReleaseIntArrayElements( arr, body, 0); // C++ return sum; }

23. Citation Tools : Perspectives & Issues LaTeX – Document Preparation System BibTeX – Bibliographical Management System MikTeX - Typesetting System for Microsoft Windows End Notes – University recommended – Campus wide availability Zotero – Popular with Academic Skills Tutors -Plugin to support Harvard Referencing Microsoft 2007 Vista – Does not support Harvard Referencing

24. Plagiarism Reproducing or paraphrasing published material without acknowledgement of the source Presenting information from electronic sources, such as the internet, without acknowledgement of the source Passing off others theories; ideas; designs; inventions and creative work as your own Copying from the work of another student Undeclared collusion with another student Getting someone else to do your work for you

25. Avoiding plagiarism In order to avoid plagiarism, you must give credit when: You use another person's ideas, opinions, or theories. You use facts, statistics, graphics, drawings, music, programming language etc.,or any other type of information that does not comprise common knowledge. You use quotations from another person's spoken or written word. You paraphrase another person's spoken or written word.

26. Academic Misconduct Issues Academic Conduct Officers Academic Misconduct Procedure Referencing & Plagiarism test Turn it in University of Huddersfield :Student’s Handbook of Regulations: September 2009 Section 4 and Appendix E3.11 Academic Misconduct ( including cheating and plagiarism) at: http://www2.hud.ac.uk/shared/shared_regwg/docs/regulations _handbooks/studentshandbook/september2009.pdf

27. Sources of Help: Computing & Library Website www2.hud.ac.uk/cls/library/gethelp/docs/ Referencing.pdf Electronic version of Referencing Handbook www.hud.ac.uk/cls/library/infoskills/step10.php This includes: – PowerPoint guides on referencing & plagiarism – PowerPoint guides on using citation tools such as End Notes and an electronic version of the referencing Handbook

28. Sources of Help: Books Books on Referencing Pears, R & Shields, G, (2008) Cite Them Right, Pear Tree Books, Newcastle upon Tyne Neville, C, (2007)The Complete Guide to Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism, Open University Press & McGraw Hill, Maidenhead

29. Other sources of help on plagiarism Plagiarism Advisory Service – www.plagiarismadvice.org/ www.plagiarismadvice.org/ Plagiarism Detection Service – www.submit.ac.uk Some useful websites dealing with plagiarism – www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/plagiarism/ www.indiana.edu/~tedfrick/plagiarism/ – http://www.essex.ac.uk/plagiarism/test1.html http://www