1. SYSTEMATICS Chapter 23

2. Systematics...Taxonomy..Classification SYSTEMATICS: The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships TAXONOMY: branch of systematics devoted to naming, describing and classifying organisms CLASSIFICATION: process of assigning organisms into groups based on their similarities or relationships p497 LO#1

3. Taxonomy Linnaeus 1735 Homo sapiens, H. sapiens, Homo sapiens Binomial Nomenclature First part: Genus -taxonomic category made up of related species Second: specific epithet -identifies one particular organism (a specific species) within the genus.

4. Classification 5 ways to classify organisms: 1.Morphologically (what they look like) 2.Cell organization (single/multi cellular) 3.Chemical make-up (DNA bar code) 4.Ancestors (similar origin)- CLADES 5.Way in which an organism develops before birth (Embyology)

6. Homo sapiens (Man) (thinking) Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Animalia Sapiens

7. Turn this into “Tree” of relationships, with a common ancestor? Classification of Living Things

9. 6KINGDOMS6KINGDOMS 3 Domains of Life

10. Horizontal Gene Transfer p489 Mitochondrial/Chloroplast endosymbiosis

11. Phylogenetic Trees (Cladograms) Hypothesis of evolutionary relationships http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary

13. A clade is a grouping that includes a common ancestor and all the descendants (living and extinct) of that ancestor “Nested Hierarchies”

14. Phylogenetic Trees (Cladograms)

15. Derived Characters A shared character is one that two lineages have in common. A shared derived character is one that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals.

16. Animal Kingdom Phylogeny

17. Homologous vs Analogous 4 Limbs Wings of a bird, bat

18. How you classify can vary, depending on the traits examined: Another classification of Animals

19. Parsimony The parsimony principle is basic to all science and tells us to choose the simplest scientific explanation that fits the evidence. In terms of tree- building, that means that the best hypothesis is the one that requires the fewest evolutionary changes. (6 changes vs 7)

20. Molecular clocks allow scientists to use the amount of genetic divergence between organisms to extrapolate backwards to estimate dates. A-T-C-G “Oldest” A-A-C-G A-A-G-G “Youngest” Biologists often represent time on phylogenies by drawing the branch lengths in proportion to the amount of time that has passed since that lineage arose…how do they determine the ‘timeline’? Radiometric Dating Stratigraphy Molecular clocks

21. KINGDOMS

22. Classification of Living Things

24. Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells Large Have chromosomes Have membrane- bound organelles Nucleus Mitochondria Centrioles (theory of endosymbiosis) Prokaryotic Cells Small No chromosomes, only small circle of DNA (plasmid) No membrane- bound organelles. Eukaryotic Cells are Larger than Prokaryotic cells

25. ARCHAEBACTERIA & EUBACTERIA TWO separate Kingdoms prokaryotic organisms Single cell (no multicellular forms) Have a cell wall* Peptidoglycan- Eubacteria No Peptidoglycan- Archaebacteria No membrane-bound organelles Autotrophic or Heterotrophic

26. PROTISTA: most diverse kingdom The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom Eukaryotic Nearly ALL of the single cell eukaryotes plus multicellular algae heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both Perhaps they are best defined as eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants. (Ex- Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena, Algae)

27. FUNGI Eukaryotic, usually multicellular Heterotrophs that feed by absorption. Cell walls with chitin (strength), preventing bursting due to osmosis. Played an essential role in the evolutionary colonization of land. Mycorrhizae- symbiotic relationships between fungi and plant roots Decomposers Disease: yeast infections, Plant-rusts, smuts, + Uses: Baking, brewing, foods, drugs Increase plant absorption of nutrients (Ex- mushrooms, yeast)

28. Immobile, multicellular, autotrophic eukaryotes that have cell walls. PLANTAE

29. ANIMALIA Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes that are capable of mobility at some stage during their lives, and that have cells lacking cell walls. What are the two Main Groups?

30. Humans?

31. Homo sapiens (Man) (thinking) Chordata Mammalia Primates Hominidae Homo Animalia Sapiens Relationships?

32. The Animal Kingdom Main difference?

33. Advanced brain Eyes forward- stereoscopic vision/depth perception Color vision Acute hearing Dental formula- same #, type, arrangement of teeth Long slender limbs/rotate freely at hips/shoulders 5 flexible digits with flattened nails/not claws Opposable thumbs Complex social behaviors Usually 1 offspring at a time; longer parental care Characteristics of Primates

34. Bipedal Skeletal Changes (Hominids ) Shape of the Spine, Pelvis Foramen magnum position Leg vs arm length Alignment of great toe Skull: brain, brow, jaw and teeth *Upright or Brain size first? *Locking Knee Joint