1. Evidence of Evolution
Chapter 15
Part II

2. 1. Fossil Record
Are able to observe links between modern forms and ancestors (ex. transition species)
Relative age- age compared to other fossils by referring to the geologic time scale and records of known fossils
Absolute age- use of radiometric dating to date rocks

4. 2. Biogeography Geographical distribution of species
New organisms arise in same geographic area where similar forms already lived
Example) Australia – has native wolves, cats, mice, moles, and anteaters. Most mammals are marsupials (animals evolved in isolation)

5. Ex) Ancient Irish Elk

6. Ex) European Elk

7. 3. Anatomy and Embryology
Homologous structures- anatomical structures that occur in different species that originated in most recent common ancestor
may have different functions but look similar

9. Common Ancestor:
Bat
Human

12. Analogous Structures- a body part similar in function to another organism due to environmental pressures Ex) the wings of a fly, a moth, and a bird developed independently as adaptations to a common function – flying

13. Analogy vs. Homology

14. Vestigial structures- a part of an organism with little or no function but which had a function in an ancestral species

18. Comparative Embryology- Study of structures that appear during embryonic development
Ex)All vertebrate embryos go though a stage in which they have gill pouches on the sides of their throats

20. NOVA | Guess the Embryo

21. 4. Molecular Biology (DNA and Proteins)
Comparison of DNA, RNA, and amino acid sequences
Greater the number of similarities, the more closely the species are related through a common ancestor
Shows the common descent of the most diverse organisms.

22. Amino Acid Chart

23. Evidence of Evolution: fossil evidence, homologous structures, embryology, vestigial organs, biochemical
Bones in bird’s wing and human’s arm are similar in structure.
All organisms use ATP to transfer energy.
There are similarities in structure among the early stages of fish, birds and humans.
Humans, unlike rabbits, have no known use for their appendix.
Horses have increased in size and decreased in number of toes since the Eocene.

24. Phylogeny The relationships by ancestry among groups of organism
Represented by the “Tree of Life”
Different evidence supports different “trees”

26. Patterns of Evolution 1. Coevolution 2. Convergent Evolution
3. Divergent Evolution

27. 1. Coevolution
When two or more species have evolved adaptations that influence each other (evolutionary “arms race”)
Examples:
Predator-prey
Parasite-host
Plant-animal pollinator (bee and flower)
Humans have developed and used antibiotics to kill bacteria, bacteria have evolved to become antibiotic resistant

28. 2. Convergent Evolution
Organisms appear to be similar but are not closely related at all
The environment selects similar traits
Result in analagous structures
Ex) dolphin and shark

29. 3. Divergent Evolution
Two or more biological characteristics become more and more dissimilar in response to different habitats

30. Adaptive radiation- a new population in a new environment (island) will undergo evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment
Ex) Galapagos finches
Caribbean Anole Lizards

31. Artificial Selection
The intentional breeding (by humans) of certain traits, or combination of traits, over others