1. INTERNAL STRUCTURES OF INSECT

2. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Related with i) digestion; ii) absorption; 3) water balance; 4) excretion
Main division: 1) foregut
2) midgut
3) hindgut

3. FOREGUT
Mouth: mandibles break down food to small pieces. inside mouth salivary glands excrete enzymes to: 1) aid breakdown of food; 1) add moisture
Phariynx: region that is circled by muscles – force food from mouth to esophagus
Esophagus: at tube-like connecting the crop(tembolok)

4. FOREGUT
Crop: storage area for food. Insect eats beyond repletion, so need storage before pushed into midgut
Proventriculus: sometimes grinding organ (with small teeth; sometimes only as a valve between fore & midgut

5. FOREGUT MOUTH  PHARYNX  ESOPHAGUS CROP (TEMBOLOK) PROVENTRICULUS
ENZYMES FROM
SALIVARY GLANDS
CROP (TEMBOLOK)
PROVENTRICULUS

6. MIDGUT
Ventriculus: Enzymes breakdown food chemically, initiate nutrient uptake (absorption amino acid, carbo, lipids, vit., mineral)
Single layer epithelial cells, convoluted (berlingkar) & folded: provide absorption space
The lining is peritrophic membrane: 1) as a sieve (penapis) which allows enzymes & b/down poducts to move thru it. 2) protect midgut
Gastris caeca (sekum gastrik): involved in harbouring m/organisms

7. Function of midgut?? 1) 2)

8. HINDGUT Water absorption and waste excretion
Waste products are concentrated and packaged for excretion
Consists of 1) intestine (ileum+colon); 2)rectum; 3) anus
From intestine pass to rectal pads: further salt & water retained

9. Malphigian tubules: junction of mid & hindgut
Function: kidneys of insect: absorbs salts, water and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. The wastes then are released from the organism in the form of solid nitrogenous compounds.
Waste in form of uric acid (dry and nontoxic)
Feces Leaf chewing insects very distinctive – take the shape of the intestine

10. Function:
1) filter hemolymph
2) recover lost metabolites, water & salt
3) excrete waste
Ileumkolon  rectum rectum anus (waste in form of acid uric- dry & nontoxic
T. Malphigian border of mid & hindgut

11. Insect Nutrition Diverse
Some insects eat variety plants spp. Or maybe restricted to single plant
Eg: Manduca sexta: eats Solanaceae (tobacco, tomato,potatoes)

12. What do insects need? 1)FAT (=LIPID) 2) CARBOHYDRATE(SUGAR)
For hormone production
2) CARBOHYDRATE(SUGAR)
For energy
3) PROTEINS
Need amino acid, for development (eg arganine, leucine, lysine etc)
4) Vitamins
Vitamin A for vision
Vit B1 (thiamine:energy),B2 (riboflavin:energy),B6(pyridoxine:amino acid metabolism)

14. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM(TRACHEAL SYS.)
Gas exchange
Insect blood doesn’t contain haemoglobin
Has massive plumbing with tubes carry air to cells
GAS (outside)spiracles tracheal trunk (pimary trachea) 2o & 3o trachea tracheol

16. SPIRACLE Air comes thru Opening on the body
Open and close (have muscles) to minimize water loss
Mechanism:
Co2 high in body muscles relax  spricales open Co2 escape + Oxygen in
O2 in body approx. outside  muscles recover  spricales pull shut

17. TRACHEAL TRUNK Spiral of tough filaments (resist collapse)
Branches to secondary & tertiary trachea
Smaller tubes : tracheols
Tracheols are intimately associatied with cells
Eg: muscles cells: tracheols enter deep into the cells: close to mitchondria (where o2 needed)
O2 diffuses from tracheols to cells, Co2 from tissues to tracheols

18. AQUATIC ADAPTATION Some without spiracles, they have modified gills
The gills with thin layer of cuticles with lots of tracheoles
Some have ‘snorkel’ : a tube with spiracles- the tube above water for air intake

20. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM No arteries, veins or capillaries
The organ sits in open cavity filled with insect blood called ‘HEMOLYMPH’

21. FUNCTIONS Transport of nutrient and hormones
Storage for substance like acid amino
Water reservoir
Hydrostatic pressure for movement
Protection from foreign organism which invade

22. HEMOLYMPH Consists of: 1) 90% PLASMA:
a watery fluid: usually clear, sometimes greenish or yellowish
high concentrations of amino acids, proteins, sugars, and inorganic ions.  
1) 10% HEMOCYTES:
various cell types
involved in the clotting reaction, phagocytosis, and/or encapsulation of foreign bodies.  
does NOT contain hemoglobin (or red blood cells).  
Oxygen is delivered by the tracheal system, not the circulatory system.

23. DORSAL VESSELS (SALUR DARAH)
HEART
divided segmentally into chambers
that are separated by valves (ostia) to ensure one-way flow of hemolymph.  
A pair of alary muscles are attached laterally to the walls of each chamber.  
Peristalsis: these muscles force the hemolymph forward from chamber to chamber
AORTA
In front of the heart,
lacks valves or muscle.  
continues forward to the head and empties near the brain.  
Hemolymph bathes the organs and muscles of the head as it emerges from the aorta
then back over the alimentary canal,through the body until it reaches the abdomen and re-enters the heart.

24. PERICARDIAL
SINUS
DORSAL DIAPHRAGM
PERIVISCERAL
SINUS
PERINEURAL
SINUS
VENTRAL DIAPHRAGM
To facilitate circulation of hemolymph, the body cavity is divided into three compartments:

26. REMEMBER!!!! DOES NOT CARRY OXYGEN!!!
So blood flow is not critical like us human
HEMOLYMPH FROM BODYENTER OSTIA( HEART MUSCLE RELAXPERISTALSIS
BATHES HEAD
AND ALL ORGANS
& BACK TO
ABDOMEN
AORTA
(LACK MUSCLES & VALVE)
MOVE FORWARD CHAMBERS

27. SENSORY SYSTEM Exoskeleton need sensory organ
To evaluate changes in the environment
First info receive by SENSILLA: specialized cuticullar structure equipped with nerve cells and neuron
Usually hair-like

28. PHOTORECEPTOR Light/vision Vision can be restricted in insects
Some to differentiate light from dark
Some can distingusih shape & images
3 types of photoreceptor:
1) ocelli
2)stemmata
3) compound eye

29. OCELLI Many adults and nymph of hemimetabolous
Related to flight, most flightless insects don’t have
Sensitive to light intensity
Cannot perceive images or shape

30. STEMMATA Only on larvae of holometabolous
Larvae of holometabolous almost never have compound eyes
capable only of detecting light.
cannot focus or allow reception of images.

31. COMPOUND EYES
Consists of numerous hexagon shaped facets/lense called ommatidium
2 major components: 1) lenses; 2) light receiving syst.

32. MECHANISM
Lens guide light to a group of pencil-shaped like cells tie up together called rhabdom
These photoreceptor absorp the light then convert to eletrical signal which is conveyed in brain
RHODOPSIN: chemical pigment to absorb light, with the help of Vitamin A

33. Insect eyes cannot focus until sharp image
The best insect eye resolves less detail than human eye
But sensitive in movement
So what they perceive ? Shape & form
Broken shapes are differentiated solid

34. Some can see colours
Pigments in ommatidia sensitive to different array of colours
Insect sees from 700 nm (red) range down to 3o0 (violet)
Bees see flower blue

35. CHEMORECEPTOR Smell/taste (olfaction)
Well developed compared to photoreceptor
A) Close range,
chemical signals in solution form (taste)
Found in legs
Eg: honeybee: taste sweet, sour, salty and bitter
Eg: red admiral butterfly 200x sensitive to sugar than hman tongue

36. CHEMORECEPTOR B) distant range (jarak jauh)
Airborne chemical signal = smell
Found on antennae
detect odours great distance, miles
Useful for finding mates
PHEROMONES: chemical signals
Smells much more sensitive than human

37. MECHANORECEPTOR Touch/pressure/vibration or sound
Sense of pressure/touch usually on legs: often contact to ground
Many insects are deaf: sound not really important
Tympanum: on legs for cricket, on abdomen for cicadas
Hair sensilla in antenna: eg Johnston’s organ

39. THERMORECEPTOR Changes in temperature
Bed bug use thermoreceptor to locate warm blooded verteb.

40. HYGRORECEPTOR changes of humidity Blood feeding parasites
Warm, moist breath good indicator of host

42. NERVOUS SYSTEM INSECT SIMPLE CREATURE????
What happen when you attack the fly?????
3 components
1)brain central
2)ventral nerve cord nervous system (CNS)
3)peripheral nervous system (extend outside the central nervos system to serve the limbs and organs
Each of the components consists millions of neurons

43. VENTRAL NERVE CORD

44. WHAT IS NEURON? Nerve cell For information transfer Composed of
1) dendrite (enter the cell body)
2) cell body (nucleus found)
3) axon( leaving the body)
Repeating unit of neuron form a nervous system
Individual nerve cells connect with one another through special junctions, called synapses.

45. 3 categories, depending on their function within the nervous system:
1) Afferent (sensory) neurons
bipolar or multipolar cells
dendrites associated with sense organs or receptors.  
carry information toward the central nervous system. A D

46. 2) Efferent (motor) neurons unipolar cells
conduct signals away from the central nervous system
stimulate responses in muscles and glands. A D

47. 3) Interneurons
unipolar cells (often with several collaterals and/or branching axons) that conduct signals within the central nervous system.

49. BRAIN Nerve cord to the head is the BRAIN 3 pairs of ganglia region:
1)protocerebrum: associated with vision; they innervate the compound eyes and ocelli. 2)deotocerebrum: pair lobes with sensory pathway to antennae
3)tritocerebrum: lobes with connective to 1st ganglion of ventral nerve cord

50. VENTRAL NERVE CORD 1) subesophageal ganglion 2) thoracic ganglia
innervates mandibles, maxillae, and labium, hypopharynx, salivary glands, and neck muscles.
2) thoracic ganglia
) control locomotion by innervating the legs and wings.
3) abdominal ganglia
control movements of abdominal muscles.

51. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
1) neuron of sensory organs (sensory neuron)
2) neuron attached to muscles (motor neuron)
Function of insect nervous syst critical in insect control

53. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM Reproduce: 1) SEXUALLY 2) ASEXUALLY Mosy sexually
2 sex cells
1) sperm 2) ovum

54. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Sperm produce by testes (A)
From testes sperm stored in seminal vesicle (B)
During copulation discharge thru aedeagus (C) (penis) along with secretion from accessory glands (D) D B C

55. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Ovum produce by OVARY (A)
Inside ovaries: OVARIOLES (B) egg producing tubules
SPERMATHECA (C): storing sperm sp. That mate once stored sperm for months/years
ACCESSORY GLANDS (D): provide materials for egg to attach to substrate A B D C