1. Grammar Notebook Part One
Verbs

2. Verb Facts: The Most Important Words in Any Sentence
What is a verb?
Denotes an action or a state of being
Essential to the sentence because it’s what is happening!
Examples:

3. Types of Verbs Helping Verbs:
In English, helping verbs tell when a verb is happening ( was, is, had,have et al.)
Latin never uses helping verbs; we use endings to show when a verb happens
Example
Rex was laughing. Rex ridebat.
Rex will laugh. Rex ridebit.

4. Types of Verbs Linking verbs: show a state of being and link two ideas
Acts like a chain or an equals mark (=)
The most common linking verb is sum ,esse, fui, futurus in all its lovely forms
Example
Rex is a boy. (Rex = boy) Rex est puer

5. Types of Verbs
Transitive verb: action verb which takes a direct object ( a noun that answers who or what after the verb)
The action transfers to another word
Example
Rex hits Claudius. Rex Claudium pulsat.
Intransitive verb: action verb that cannot take an object
The action stops at the verb and does not cross over to a noun.
Rex is sleeping. Rex dormit.

6. Agreement
A singular verb must have a singular subject; a plural verb must have a plural subject.
Compound subjects are usually treated as plural subjects
Examples
The girl is running. Puella currit
The girls are running. Puellae currunt.

7. Principal Parts
Most verb have four principal parts, always listed in a specific order. These parts are used to make all the other verb forms.
Notice the patterns
1st principal part ends with “o”
Used for present tense
2nd ends with “re”
Present infinitive; used for present, imperfect, future
3rd end with “I”
Perfect active; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active
4th ends with “um” or “us”
Perfect participle; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive

8. Conjugations
The conjugation of a verb is determined by the second principal part (infinitive)
ARE = 1st
*ERE = 2nd (1st pp. will end with “eo”)
ERE = 3rd
IO, ERE = 3rd IO
IRE = 4th

9. Qualities of a Verb Number Person Singular or plural 1st = I, we
2nd = you
3rd = he,she, it, they

10. Qualities of a verb Voice: active or passive
Refers to relationship between subject and verb
Active voice : subject performs the verb
Aurelia sells the slave. Aurelia vendit servum
Passive Voice: The subject does not perform the verb but the verb happens to the subject
The slave is sold by Aurelia. Servus venditur ab Aurelia
The person or thing doing the verb goes into the ablative.
No preposition for things (means), “a, ab” for people (personal agent)
Miles vulneratur gladio.
Miles vulneratur ab amico.

11. Qualities of a Verb Mood Tense
Indicative = states a fact or asks a question
Imperative = makes a command
Subjunctive = special clauses
Tense
Shows when the verb happens
Present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

12. Tense Continuum
Pluperfect: in the past before something else in the past (August 24)
Perfect : completed in the past (august 25)
Present : now (august 26)
Future perfect: before something else in the future (august 27)
Future : in the future (august 28)
Imperfect: in the past over a span of time ( august 24 and August 25)

13. Tense Continuum
Pluperfect : He had taken a shower before he ate breakfast
Perfect: He ate breakfast
Present: He is walking to the car.
Future Perfect: He will have driven twenty miles before he returns home.
Future: He will return home
Imperfect: He was driving to school behind a very slow bus.

14. Verb Bases Present Tense : Use infinitive
Exception : 1st sing passive use 1st pp.
Are = remove the “re”
Exception : 1st person singular remove the “are” active
*ere = remove the “re”
Ere = remove “ere” , add “I”
Exception : 3rd person pl add “u” instead of “I”
Io, -ere = remove “ere” , add “I”
Exception: 3rd person pl add “iu”
Ire = remove “re”
Exception: 3rd person pl. remove “re” , add “u”

15. Verb bases Imperfect : use infinitive Are = remove “re”
*ere = remove “re”
Ere = remove “re”
Io, ere = remove “ere” add “ie”
Ire = remove “re” add “e”

16. Verb bases Future: Use infinitive Are = remove “re” *ere = remove “re”
Ere = remove “ere”
Io, ere = remove “ere”, add “I”
Exception : 2nd person singular don’t add “i”
Ire = remove “re”

17. Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active
3rd principal part minus “I”
Usually leaves one of the following before the ending U V S X

18. Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive
4th principal part minus “us” or “um”

19. Present active Indicative
Endings
o = I st sing
s = you nd sing
t = he, she, it 3rd sing
mus = we st pl
tis = you pl nd pl
nt = they rd pl
Translations
Verb __________, is, am, are ____ing, do, does ____

20. Present passive indicative
Endings
R = I am _____ed
Ris = you are ______ed
Tur = he, she, it is _______ed
Mur = we are _______ed
Mini = you pl. are ______ed
Ntur = they are _______ed
Translations
Is, am, are ______ed,
Is, am, are being _______ed

21. Imperfect active Indicative
Endings
Bam = I
Bas = you
Bat = he, she,, it
Bamus = we
Batis = you pl.
Bant = they
Translations must show action over a period of time in the past, habitual or continuous
Was/were, used to, kept on, began to, past tense

22. Imperfect passive indicative
Endings
Bar = I
Baris = you
Batur = he, she, it
Bamur = we
Bamini = you pl
Bantur = they
Translations:
Was/were being ______ed, kept on being _______ed, used to be _______ed, began to be ______ed

23. Future Active Indicative for –are, *ere (1st and 2nd conjugations
Endings
Bo I will
Bis you will
Bit he, she, it will
Bimus we will
Bitis you pl. will
Bunt they will
Translations: will, shall
Must show action to occur in the future

24. Future Passive Indicative for –are, -*ere
Endings
Bor I will be -----ed
Beris you will be ----ed
Bitur he, she, it will be-----ed
Bimur we will be-----ed
Bimini you pl. will be ----ed
Buntur they will be-----ed
Translations: will be -----ed, shall be ----ed

25. Future Active Indicative for ere, ire (3rd, 3rd io, 4th)
Endings
am I will
es* you will
et* he, she, it will
emus* we will
etis* you pl. will
ent they will
Translation : will, shall

26. Future Passive Indicative for –ere, -ire (3rd, 3rd io, 4th)
Endings
ar I will be ----ed
eris you will be ----ed
etur he, she, it will be ----ed
emur we will be -----ed
emini you pl will be -----ed
entur they will be -----ed
Translations: will be _____ed, shall be ____ed

27. Perfect Active Indicative
Endings
i i
isti` you
it he, she, it
imus we
istis you pl
erunt they
Usually preceded by u,v,s,x from the 3rd pp.
Translations: ----ed, past tense, has/have ---ed, did –
Must show action completed in the past

28. Perfect Passive Indicative
4th principal part minus “us”
Singular
-us,-a,-um sum I was _____ed, have been ___ed
-us, -a, -um es you were ____ed, have been __ed
-us,-a, -um est he, she, it was ___ed, has been __ed
Plural
-i, -ae, -a sumus we were –ed, have been –ed
i, -ae, -a estis you were ---ed, have been –ed
i, -ae, -a sunt they were –ed, have been --ed

29. The 4th principal part must be adjusted so that it agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case.
Marcus was wounded
Marcus vulneratus est.
Silvia was wounded.
Silvia vulnerata est.
The men were wounded.
Viri vulnerati sunt

30. Pluperfect Active Indicative
Endings
eram I
eras you
erat he, she, it
eramus we
eratis you pl.
erant they
Translation: had ----ed
Must show action completed in the past before another action
The endings must be attached to the 3rd pp minus “I”; cannot be by itself or it’s the imperfect of sum
Ambulaveram in silva. I had walked in the woods.
Eram in silva I was in the woods.

31. Pluperfect passive Indicative
4th principal part minus “us” or “um”
Singular
-us, a, um eram I
-us,-a, -um eras you
-us,-a, -um erat he, she, it
Plural
-i,-ae, -a eramus we
-i, -ae, -a eratis you pl.
-i, -ae, -a erant they

32. Translation: had been -----ed
Fourth pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case
Marcus had been seen.
Marcus visus erat.
Cornelia had been seen.
Cornelia visa erat.

33. Future Perfect Indicative
Endings
ero I will have
eris you will have
erit he,she, it will have
erimus we will have
eritis you pl will have
erint they will have
Translations: will have ----ed, shall have ----ed
Must show action that occurs in the future before something else in the future
Frequently used in conditional (if) clauses

34. Future perfect passive
Endings 4th principal part minus “us” plus
Singular
-us,-a, -um ero I
-us,-a, -um eris you
-us, -a, -um erit he,she, it
Plural
-i, -ae,-a erimus we
-i. –ae, -a eritis you pl.
-i, -ae, -a erunt they
Translations: will have been ---ed, shall have been –ed
4th pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case

35. Pronoun Subjects for Active
O/M/I = I
S/ISTI = you
T = he,she, it
MUS = we
TIS = you pl
NT = they

36. Tense signs and translations for active
BA = was,were,usedto, kept on, began to
BO, BI, BU, A, E = will, shall
U,S,V,X, followed by I, ERU = past tense, have, has, did
ERA = had
ERO,ERI = will have, shall have
A,E,I,U = is, am, are, do, does

37. Pronoun subjects for passive
R = I
RIS = you
TUR = he, she, it
MUR = we
MINI = you pl
NTUR = they

38. Tense sign and translation for passive
BA = was/were being ---ed, kept on being ---ed, used to be –ed, began to be ---ed (imperfect)
BI, BE, BU (are, *ere) or A, E (ere, ire) = will be ---ed (future)
A, I, E, U = are,is, am ----ed (present)

39. Passive Person Part One Us = masc sing A = fem sing Um = neuter sing
I = masc. Pl.
Ae = fem pl
A = neut pl

40. Passive Tense Sign for Two Part Verbs: Part Two
Su or e
Was/were ed
Has/have been -----ed
Era
Had been ---ed
Eri
Will have been ----ed

41. Part three
m/o = I
S = you
T = he,she, it
Mus = we
Tis = you pl
Nt = they

42. Irregular verbs
Use the personal endings (o/m,s,t,mus, tis, nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini, ntur)
Base is the irregular part
Mainly irregular in the present tense:
Sometimes irregular in future and imperfect
No irregular verbs in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

43. Irregular Verbs Very commonly used verbs Sum, esse, fui, futurus
To be: linking verb
Possum, posse, potui
Be able, can
Always used with an infinitive
Volo, velle, volui
To wish

44. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum Malo, malle, malui Nolo, nolle, nolui
To bring, to carry
Malo, malle, malui
To prefer
Nolo, nolle, nolui
Don’t want
Eo, ire, ivi, itus go

45. Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus
Most common verb in Latin
Linking verb
Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, future indicative, and in its principal parts
Regular in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect both indicative and subjunctive
Base = fu

46. Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus
Present indicative Present subjunctive
sum sumus sim simus
es estis sis sitis
est sunt sit sint
Imperfect Indicative
Eram eramus
Eras eratis
Erat erant
Future indicative
Ero erimus
Eris eritis
Erit erunt

47. Irregular Verbs: Possum, posse, potui
Definition: Be able, can
Always used with a complementary infinitive
Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, and future indicative; usually like sum just with pot in front
Regular in all other tenses

48. Irregular Verbs : possum
Present Indicative Present Subjunctive
Possum possumus possim possimus
Potes potestis possis possitis
Potest possunt possit possint
Imperfect Indicative
Poteram poteramus
Poteras poteratis
Poterat poterant
Future Indicative
Potero poterimus
Poteris poteritis
Poterit poterunt

49. Irregular verbs: volo, nolo, malo
Present tense indicative active
Volo nolo malo
Vis non vis mavis
Vult non vult mavult
Volumus nolumus malumus
Vultis non vultis mavultis
Volunt nolunt malunt

50. Volo, nolo, malo Imperfect bases:
Vole
Nole
male
Future Tense bases: treat like 3rd conjugation(ere)
Vol
Nol
Mal

51. Volo, nolo, malo Present active subjunctive Velim nolim malim
Velis nolis malis
Velit nolit malit
Velimus nolimus malimus
Velitis nolitis malitis
Velint nolint malint

52. Irregular Verbs: Fero, ferre, tuli, latum
Present Active Indicative
Fero ferimus
Fers fertis
Fert ferunt
Imperfect base: fere
Future base: fer
Use 3rd conjugation
Present subjunctive: treat like 3rd conjugation

53. Irregular verbs: eo, ire, ivi, itus
Present Indicative Active
Eo imus
Is it is
It eunt
Imperfect base: i
Future base: i
Use bo, bis, bit, bimus, bitis, bunt

54. Imperatives States a command Formation Can be negative or positive
Always treated like a second person verb
Can be singular or plural
Frequently used with vocative nouns
Formation
Singular: Remove “re” from infinitive
Exceptions
Dicere = dic
Ducere = duc
Facere = fac
Ferre = fer

55. Imperative Examples Vocare = Voca! Sedere* = Sede!
Recumbere = recumbe!
Venire = veni!
Stare = sta!

56. Imperative Plurals Remove “re” from the infinitive and add “te”
Exception
3rd conjugation (ere)
Remove “ere” add “ite”
Examples
Dare = date!
Sedere* = sedete!
Ducere = ducite
Facere = facite
Audire = audite

57. Negative imperatives Singular Plural Noli with the infinitive
Noli dicere! Don’t talk!
Plural
Nolite with the infinitive
Nolite dicere! Don’t talk!

58. Deponent Verbs
Deponent verbs are special verbs that have only passive forms but active translations.
Example locutus sum I was talking
They only have three principal parts and follow the –r, -i, - us/um sum pattern.
Example loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak
Follow the same rules for bases and endings as for normal verbs, just don’t ever make an active form.
For 3rd conjugation you have to remake the present active infinitive. Take the “i” off the 2nd pp. and add “ere”; then just follow the normal rules.

59. Deponent verbs
What are they? How do they function? What do you need to know about them?

60. What is a Deponent Verb?
Special verbs with passive forms but active meanings
Secutus est He followed.
Recognize by having only three forms in the vocabulary listing
----r, ---i,----us sum
conor, conari, conatus sum try deponent
tempto, temptare, temptavi, temptatus try not deponent
Why do we have them? Why do we have ticks?

61. Deponent Imperatives
For most deponent verbs, take the second principal part:
Remove the “I”
Add “e”
Will look like an infinitive but translate like a command
Conor, conari, conatus sum Conare! Try!

62. Deponent imperatives for 3rd conjugation
For third conjugation deponents:
Recognize by not having “r” before the “i” on the second principal part
Remove the “I”
Add “ere”
Example
Sequor, sequi,secutus sum = sequere Follow!

63. Active forms for deponents
Future infinitive
Secuturum esse to be about to follow
Present participle
Sequens, sequentis following
Future Participle
Secuturus, -a, -um about to follow
Gerund
Sequendum following
Perfect Participle
Secutus, -a, -um having followed

64. First Conjugation Vocabulary list for deponents
Hortor, hortari, hortatus sum urge, encourage
Arbitror, -ari, -atus sum think
Conor, -ari, -atus sum try
Miror, -ari, -atus sum wonder
Moror, -ari, -atus sum delay
Recordor, -ari, -atus sum recall
Vagor,-ari, -atus sum wander
Osculor, -ari, -atus sum kiss

65. Second conjugation Fateor, fateri, fassus sum confess
Confiteor, confiteri, confessus sum confess
Polliceor, polliceri, pollicitus sum promise
Vereor, vereri, veritus sum fear

66. Third conjugation Loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak
Nanciscor, nancisci, nactus sum find, obtain
Nascor, nasci, natus sum be born
Proficiscor, profisci, profectus sum set out
Sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow
Utor, uti, usus sum use

67. Third conjugation Collabor, collabi, collapsus sum collapse
Consequor, consequi, consecutus sum catch up to, overtake

68. 3rd io conjugation Gradior, gradi, gressus sum walk
Egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out, leave
Morior, mori, mortuus sum die
Patior, pati, passus sum endure, suffer
Ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum go in, enter
Regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return

69. Fourth conjugation Experior, experiri, expertus sum test, try
Orior, oriri, ortus sum rise
Potior, potiri, potitus sum get possession of

70. Deponent verbs
You will usually translate it correctly because it won’t make sense otherwise.
Will not be used with ablative of personal agent (a,ab plus ablative)
Ingredior villam a via. I am entering the house from the street.
I am being entered the house by the street. makes no sense.

71. Semi-Deponent Verbs
A small group of verbs which are deponent only the the perfect, pluperfect, and future perfect tenses
Three principal parts
-o, -e, -us sum
Most commonly used semi-deponents are
audeo, audere*, ausus sum dare
gaudeo, gaudere*, gavisus sum rejoice
soleo, solere*, solitus sum be accustomed
Students should complete exercise 40 b p. 133 Ecce Romani 2

72. Deponents 2
They have a perfect active participle which is really useful. Normal verbs don’t have this.
i.e. Caesar, ausus negare senatum, fiat dictator
Caesar, having dared to deny the senate, became dictator.
Ausus because it is semi-deponent is translated actively (having dared) when a regular verb would only have a perfect passive participle (having been dared) which completely changes your sentence

73. Special verbs in special clauses
Subjunctives
Special verbs in special clauses

74. Present Active Subjunctive Endings
Singular
M = I
S = you
T = he, she, it
Plural
MUS = we
Tis = you pl
Nt = they

75. Present Passive Subjunctives
Singular
R = I
Ris = you
Tur = he,she, it
Plural
Mur = we
Mini = you pl.
Ntur = they

76. Bases for present subjunctives
1st conjugation (are)
Remove ARE and add E
Amare = amem
2nd conjugation (ēre)
Remove RE add A
Debēre = debeam
3rd conjugation (ere)
Remover ERE add A
Ducere – ducam .

77. She wears a diamond tiara
3rd io (io, -ere)
Remove ERE, add IA
Capio, capere = capiam
4th conjugation (ire)
Remove “RE” add “A”
Audire = audiam
She wears a diamond tiara

78. The Irregular Present Subjunctive for sum and possum
Sim I
Sis you
Sit he, she, it
Simus we
Sitis you pl
Sint they
possim I
possis you
possit he, she, it
possimus we
possitis you pl
possint they

79. IMPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
Endings
M = I was…ing, …..ed
S= you were …ing, ….ed
T = he, she it was …ing, …ed
MUS = we were …ing, …ed
TIS = you plural were …ing, …ed
NT = they were ….ing, …ed
Translate to show that the action happened at the same time or after the main verb

80. Imperfect active subjunctive
BASE
Use the whole infinitive; don’t add or subtract any letters
Just connect the subjunctive ending
Amarem
Amares
Amaret
Amaremus
Amaretis
Amarent

81. Imperfect active subjunctive
Recognition
Most imperfect subjunctives will have RE before the personal ending because most infinitives end with RE
Some very common verbs have irregular infinitives. Memorize these so that you can recognize their imperfect subjunctive
Sum, esse, fui
Possum, posse, potui
Volo, velle, volui
Nolo, nolle, nolui
Malo, malle, malui

82. IMPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
ENDINGS
r I
ris You
tur He, she, it
mur We
mini You pl
ntur They

83. imperfect passive subjunctive
Base = whole infinitive
Translation should show the action occurs at the same time or after the verb and is not performed by the subject.
Example
amarer I was loved
amareris you were loved
amaretur he, she, it was loved
amaremur we were loved
amaremini you pl were loved
amarentur they were loved

84. Perfect Active Subjunctive for all verbs
Base = 3rd principal part minus “I”
Endings
singular
Erim I
Eris you
Erit he, she, it
Plural
Erimus we
Eritis you pl
Erint they

85. Perfect Passive Subjunctive:Uses the two part verb system
first part is the 4th principal part functioning as an adjective and agreeing in gender, number, and case with the subject
us,-a, -um singular
i, -ae,- a plural
second part is the present subjunctive of sum
Sim
Sis
Sit
Simus
Sitis
sint
Example
Amatus sis
You ( male) were loved

86. amatus, -a, - um sim I was loved
amatus, -a, -um sis you were loved
amatus, -a, -um sit he, she, it was loved
amati, -ae, -a simus we were loved
amati, -ae, -a sitis you pl were loved
amati, -ae, -a sint they were loved

87. PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBJUNCTIVE
ENDINGS
ISSEM I HAD
ISSES YOU HAD
ISSET HE, SHE, IT HAD
ISSEMUS WE HAD
ISSETIS YOU PLURAL HAD
ISSENT THEY HAD

88. PLUPERFECT ACTIVE SUBUNCTIVE
BASE
3rd principal part minus I
There are no irregulars
Example amo, amare, amavi, amatus
Amavissem
Amavisses
Amavisset
Amavissemus
Amavissetis
Amavissent
Translate to show the action took place before the main verb; HAD is usually safe but there are other options.

89. PLUPERFECT PASSIVE SUBJUNCTIVE:uses the two part verb system
first part is the 4th principal part functioning as an adjective and agreeing in gender, number, and case with the subject
us,-a, -um singular
i, -ae,- a plural
second part is the imperfect subjunctive of sum
essem
esses
esset
essemus
essetis
essent

90. sample pluperfect passive
amatus, -a, - um essem I had been loved
amatus, -a, -um esses you had been loved
amatus, -a, -um esset he, she, it had been loved
amati, -ae, -a essemus we had been loved
amati, -ae, -a essetis you pl had been loved
amat-, -ae, -a essent they had been loved

91. PURPOSE CLAUSES POSITIVE PURPOSE ( POSITIVE MEANS IT HAPPENS)
INTRODUCED BY UT
SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF AN ACTION
EXAMPLE
Plinius scripsit ut laudaret suam uxorem.
Pliny wrote so that he might praise his wife.

92. PURPOSE CLAUSES NEGATIVE PURPOSE ( WON’T HAPPEN) INTRODUCED BY NE
SHOWS THE PURPOSE OF NOT DOING AN ACTION
EXAMPLE
Cicero comprehendit Catilinae manum ne patriam vastarent.
Cicero arrested Catilina’s band of men so that they would not destroy the country.

93. ADVERBIAL PURPOSE INTRODUCED BY UBI
SHOWS WHY THE SUBJECT OF THE SENTENCE AS DONE SOMETHING
EXAMPLE
Cicero tempus exspectabat ubi Catilinam verbis oppugnaret.
Cicero was awaiting a time when he might attack Catilina with words.

94. Relative clause of purpose
Introduced by a form of qui, quae, quod
Gives the purpose more closely connected with a noun or pronoun than a verb
Example
Cicero accepit epistulam quae explicaret Catilinae coniurationem.
Cicero received a letter to explain Catilina’s conspiracy
Cicero received a letter which explained Catilina’s conspiracy.

95. Sequence of tenses
Primary tenses (present, future, future perfect)
Secondary Tenses (imperfect, perfect, pluperfect)
If the main verb is a primary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb: same time/after: present subjunctive before: perfect subjunctive
If the main verb is a secondary tense, use the following subjunctives to show proper relationship to the main verb:
same time/after: imperfect subjunctive
Before: pluperfect

96. Sequence of tenses
Caesar wrote the Gallic Commentaries so that people would not forget him.
Sallust wrote so that he might explain the Catiline conspiracy.
Brutus was awaiting a time when he might betray Caesar with a knife

97. Result Clauses Shows the result of the main verb
Madge was so angry that she threw a platter at Herb.
Introduced by ut for something that did, will, or could happen
Introduced by ut plus a negative (ne, non, nullus, et al.) for something that did not, will not, could not happen
The main clause will usually contain a word that means “so” such as tam, sic, talis, tantus, tot, adeo;
These words should act as signals that a result clause is coming.
Pompeuis Iuliam tam amavit ut civitatem neglegaret.

98. Cum Clauses Temporal: establishes the time when something occurs
Verb will be indicative
Cum translated as when
Circumstantial: explain the circumstances under which something occurs
Verb will be subjunctive
Cum translated as since or when

99. Cum Clauses continued
Causal: explains the reason something happens
Verb will be subjunctive
cum will translate as since or because
Concessive: explains something that may have blocked or hindered the main verb
Cum will translate as although

100. Subjunctives in Indirect Speech
Indirect questions
Whenever a question is reported in a statement, this is an indirect statement.
I know what you are planning. Scio quid facias.
The main verb wil be a verb or asking or telling such as rogo, peto, quaero
The verb of the question portion will be subjunctive.
The question portion will be introduced by an interrogative word such as ubi, cur, quare, quo. Quis, quid, quo modo, quantus, qualis et al.

101. Subjunctives in Indirect speech
Indirect command: reports a direct command
Command portion will be subjunctive
Main verb will be a verb of commanding or persuading such as mando, impero, persuadeo, suadeo, moneo, oro, et al
The command portion will be introduced by ut for positive, ne for negative
Caesar imperavit milites ut hostem oppugnaret.

102. Subjunctives in Indirect Speech
Clauses of fearing: with verbs or expressions of fear, what is feared will use the subjunctive
Use ne if you fear something will happen
Calupurnia timet ne Caesar interfectus esset a Bruto.
Use ut if you fear something will not happen.
Brutus timet ut civitas supersit.

103. Expression of Fear vereor, vereri, veritus sum metus, metus
Words of fear
timeo, timere, timui
vereor, vereri, veritus sum
metus, metus
pavor, pavoris
terror, terroris
extimesco, extimescere, extimui
pertimesco, pertimescere, pertimui
formido, formidinis
formido, formidare
timor, timoris

104. Subordinate clauses in indirect discourse
If you have a subordinate clause such as a relative clause inside an indirect statement, indirect question, or indirect command, put the verb of the indirect statement in the subjunctive
These sentences usually have three verbs.
Turducken sentences
Caesar ordered the soliders to attack the enemy who was hiding in the ditch.
Ordered main clause
Attack indirect command
Hiding discourse

105. Relative Clause of Characteristic
Characterizes or describes a general or indefinite antecedent
Common after phrases such as est qui, sunt qui, nemo est qui, quis est qui
Use a subjunctive verb for the relative clause part
Usually translate as
Of that sort, the kind that …..
Quis est cliens quo interficiat suum patronum?

106. Anticipation
When an action is anticipated, when dum means until, and antequam or priusquam means before, use the subjuntive.
If these words introduce an actual fact, use the indicative.

107. Conditionals Introduced by mostly by si, nisi, an
Simple Conditions will probably happen and use indicative verbs regardless of the tense.
If Caesar conquers Gaul, he will be powerful
Si Caesar vincit Galliam, erit potens.
Future Conditionals can be one of two types: more vivid which will probably happen and uses future perfect and future indicative verbs and less vivid which is not likely to happen and uses the present subjunctive.

108. Conditionals Continued
More Vivid
If she sees him, she will run.
Si viderit eum, curret.
Less Vivid
If she should see him, she would run.
Si videat eum, currat.
The writer uses the grammar to inform the reader of the likelihood of the conditional occurring.

109. Conditionals continued
Contrary to Fact
Cannot happen or will not happen
Use imperfect subjuncive if English present
Use pluperfect subjunctive for past
If I were you, I would not do that.
Si essem te, ego non facerem id.
If I had known the facts, I would have acted more quickly.
Si cognovissem facta, egissem celerius.

110. Main Verb Subjunctive: Hortatory
Expresses a mild command or exhortation
Uses only the present subjuncitves
No introductory word for positive; use ne for negative
Translate with let or may
Ludi incipiant. Let the games begin.
Frequently used for blessing and curses

111. Main Verb Subjunctive: Deliberative Questions
Rhetorical questions implying doubt, indignation, surprise or impossibility
Usually introduced by an interrogative pronoun, adverb, or adjective
The writer is not expecting an answer.
Example
Why would anyone trust Brutus now?
Cur aliquis credat Bruto nunc?

112. Main verb Subjunctive: Optative
Expresses a wish
If the wish can come true, use the present subjunctive.
If the wish cannot come true, use imperfect subjunctive for present, pluperfect for past
Frequently introduced by utinam
Utinam Caesar non credidisset Bruto
If only Caesar had not trusted Brutus