2. Cape Verde Islands

3. Globalization Increasing connectedness of people and places through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change.

4. Currents of Globalization 1. Transportation and Communication Technology Changes 2.Trans-national corporations (TNCs)/ International Trade - Goods and Services/ International Finance Regimes 3.Diffusion of Democracy or Hollowing out of the State? 4. Cultural Linkages 6. Social Movements and Transnational Communities 7. Movements of People: Immigration/Refugees/Tourism

5. Globalization and Geography Geographies of Distance Scales in Geography Scalar and Categorical Linkages Space and Place Borders Environment/Society Interaction Population and Migration Geopolitics Development

6. Geographies of Distance Friction of Distance Action at a Distance Time-Space Convergence: reduction of time required. to move people or goods over distances Cost-Space Convergence: reduction of expenditures, especially relative to income, required to move people or goods over distances

7. “Time-space compression is a term used by the geographer David Harvey (The Conditions of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell, 1989) and refers to a process in which time is reorganized in such a way as to reduce the constraints of space, and visa versa. Time-space compression involves a shortening of time and a ‘shrinking’ of space. We might argue that if people in Manila can experience the same thing at the same time as others in Copenhagen, say a business transaction or a media event, then they live in effect in the same place; space has been annihilated by time compression. Harvey illustrates the process with maps of the world that shrink over time proportionately to the increasing speed of transportation. The world of the 1960s then is about one-fiftieth the size of the world of the sixteenth century because jet aircraft can travel at about fifty times the speed of a sailing ship.” Time Space Compression

8. Time YEAR 180019002000 Time Space Convergence

9. Time YEAR 180019002000 Cost-space Convergence

10. Time / Cost YEAR 180019002000 Time Lag Cost Communication Convergence

11. Scales in Geography 1.Global 2.World-regional (e.g. North America) 3. State (e.g. United States) 4. Regional (e.g. American West 5. Metropolitan Region (e.g. Denver Metro) 6. Locality (e.g. Boulder) 7.Neighborhood (e.g. the “Hill’) 8.Household: Gender relations, Age relations 9.Personal: Body/Emotions/Spirituality

12. 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Pyramid Model

13. Scale Elements 1. Linkages horizontally - same scale 2. Linkages vertically - across scales 3. Jumping Scales 4. Different agencies important at different scales 5. Different processes (e.g. political, economic, social, etc) important at different scales

14. E. Europe W. Europe Russia Central Asia S.E. Asia China/E. Asia Middle East S. Asia Africa L. America North America Regional Linkages

15. World Trade Organization Vertical Linkages State of Colorado US Governnment City of Boulder

16. Horizontal Municipal Linkages Dushanbe, Tajikistan World Trade Organization State of Colorado US Governnment City of BoulderJalapa, Nicaragua

17. City of Boulder State of Colorado Jumping Scales Myanmar Dushanbe, Tajikistan World Trade Organization US Governnment

18. Environmental Cultural Geopolitical Population Economic Cross Categorical Linkages

19. Cross Scalar/Cross Categorical Linkages State-Global Economy State-Household Transnational Social Movement-State Global Economy-Body Local-Global

20. Space Literally “area”, but two meanings are more prevalent in Geography. Absolute or abstract space: the sort of space that acts as a container for things Social or relative space: space produced through social interaction. Societies produce space and space, in turn, produces societies. –Public space: space made available by the government or by private groups for political or leisurely activity.

21. Place Place: A portion of geographical space occupied by a person or thing, and thus given meaning. Place is constructed out of interconnected processes operating at all scales, but which come together in a unique configuration at a particular location.

22. Environment Society Relations Cultural Landscape: The environment as it is altered by humans via the construction of built forms; the natural landscape as altered by humans. Political Ecology: the geographical study of the political processes at various scales that cause ecological change in a place or region

23. Borders Political borders: National Municipal Human borders: Societal/Ethnic/Racial: Difference Personal Absolute borders/barriers Permeable borders/barriers Do Borders Still Matter?

24. Population Factors Population Models show how population conditions influence poverty, geopolitics, social conditions and migration –Population Pyramids –Demographic Transition Model –Push/Pull Factors

25. Population Pyramids

26. Demographic Transition Model

27. Push/Pull Factors Push Factors: –Conditions that cause people to leave their area Pull Factors: –Conditions that attract people to another location

28. Geopolitics Nation: A people bound together by a shared sense history and culture and rooted in a particular territory. State: Territory with well-defined borders; with a government, institutions and recognized by world community. Nation-State: The territory of a nation is congruent with the territory of a state. Nationalism: A feeling of belonging to a nation; often a desire for national control over a state.

29. Geopolitics II Regional International Supranational

30. Development The process by which a society goes about realizing its potential. Economic Development Social Development Sustainable Development Alternative Development Contrast with Uneven Development