1. Chapter 11 : The Expanding Nation
Holt Call to Freedom
Chapter 11 : The Expanding Nation

2. 11.1 Jefferson as President
Objectives:
Analyze the views Thomas Jefferson expressed about political parties in his first inaugural address.
Identify the Republican policies Jefferson introduced and the Federalist policies that he accepted.
Evaluate the importance of Marbury v. Madison as an important court case.
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3. I. The Republican Victory
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4. A. Jefferson’s Inauguration
Large crowds attended the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson in March 1801.
John Adams, whom Jefferson had defeated, refused to attend.
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5. Thomas Jefferson
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6. John Adams
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7. A. Jefferson’s Inauguration
Republicans had won control of the White House and both houses of Congress.
Inauguration marked first transfer of power from one political party to another in U.S. history; peaceful transfer of power a rare achievement at that time.
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8. Featured hymn called "Pieces" dedicated to Jefferson, which includes an invocation, a hymn with chorus, and an oration, for a large city-wide celebration in Philadelphia on the occasion of Jefferson's inauguration
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B. Inaugural Address
Jefferson stressed that he supported will of the majority but opposed mob rule.
Tried to reassure Federalists that he would run the government fairly and called for unity between political parties
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II. Jefferson to Office
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11. A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice
Jefferson chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of treasury.
Jefferson lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army and the navy.
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12. James
Madison
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13. Thomas
Gallatin
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14. A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice
Hoped to use savings from military cuts to repay the national debt
Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the whiskey tax
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15. B. Relations with the Federalists
Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States, which the Federalists had established and he had opposed, because the banking system seemed practical.
Replaced a number of Federalist officials with Republican appointees
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16. A receipt for the whiskey tax, 1798
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III. Marbury v. Madison
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A. New Judicial Offices
Before Jefferson took office as president, Federalists in Congress passed a law creating many new judgeships and court offices.
President John Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions.
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A. New Judicial Offices
When Jefferson took office, some of these Federalists had not yet received their special commissions authorizing their appointments.
Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue the papers.
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B. Marbury’s Case
William Marbury, one of the people who had not received a commission, asked the U.S. Supreme Court to order the executive branch to issue the document.
Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court this power
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21. William
Marbury
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22. First Bank of the United States
Oldest bank building in America
Considered the oldest building in America with a classical facade
Bank charter was in effect for only 20 years
It cost $110, to build!
Ceased operations in 1811
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C. The Court’s Ruling
John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was a Federalist who disagreed with President Jefferson about many issues.
Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that the Supreme Court did not have the power to force the executive branch to give Marbury his paper.
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24. John Marshall
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C. The Court’s Ruling
Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the court this power, was unconstitutional, or not allowed by the Constitution.
Case established the power of judicial review – the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.
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26. Pictured to the right is the official portrait of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Oliver Ellsworth and his wife Abigail.  Ellsworth was the principle author of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the charter for the federal judiciary system and the Marshals Service.
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27. 11.2 The Louisiana Purchase
Objectives:
Describe how and why the Louisiana Purchase took place.
Explain what the Lewis & Clark expedition achieved.
Define the purpose of Pike’s expedition.
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I. French Louisiana
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A. French Ambitions
The leader of France, General Napoléon Bonaparte, wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America.
Planned to send troops to Louisiana
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30. Napoleon
Bonaparte
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A. French Ambitions
First, needed to recapture the former French colony of St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) to establish a supply base near Louisiana
Enslaved Africans had taken over St. Domingue in the 1790s to gain freedom.
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32. St. Domingue
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A. French Ambitions
Former slave Toussaint-Louverture ruled the island.
Napoléon’s army failed to retake the island in 1802.
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34. Toussaint- Louverture
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B. American Concerns
Jefferson learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to France and feared that French control of the region would block U.S. western expansion.
With control of New Orleans, France could also interfere with American trade along the Mississippi River.
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36. II. The Louisiana Purchase
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37. II. The Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson told the U.S. ambassador to France to make an offer to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France.
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38. Source: http://www. nps

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B. A Surprising Offer
French officials offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States.
France needed money because it was about to go to war against Britain.
Napoléon also hoped that if the United States owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in North America.
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40. Source: http://www. enchantedlearning

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C. A Growing Nation
U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy Louisiana for $15 million.
Jefferson feared that he did not have the constitutional power to buy Louisiana but agreed to the purchase because it was in the country’s best interest.
The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 almost doubled the size of the United States.
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42. Source: http://geog. ucsb

43. III. Mission of Discovery
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44. Source: http://spider. georgetowncollege

45. III. Mission of Discovery
Jefferson planned an expedition to explore western lands.
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46. III. Mission of Discovery
Meriwether Lewis, who had served as Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition.
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47. Meriwether Lewis
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48. III. Mission of Discovery
Lieutenant William Clark was co-leader.
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49. William Clark
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50. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
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51. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition set out from St. Louis, in present-day Missouri.
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52. Source: http://www. enchantedlearning

53. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman, assisted the group.
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54. Sacagawea
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55. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Crossed Great Plains and Rocky Mountains; reached Pacific in November 1805
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56. Source: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/LC/The%20Mission/LC_Pamphlet/25.jpg

57. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Returned to St. Louis in September 1806
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58. IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition
Expedition learned much about western lands and paths, established relations with several American Indian groups, and collected valuable scientific information.
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V. Pike’s Exploration
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V. Pike’s Exploration
Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find the source of the Red River and perhaps to spy on settlements in New Spain.
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61. Zebulon Pike
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V. Pike’s Exploration
Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, climbed mountain now known as Pike’s Peak, continued on into present-day New Mexico and Spanish-held lands, where the Spanish arrested him
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63. Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/p/pike.shtml

64. Pike's
Peak
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V. Pike’s Exploration
After release, Pike reported that the Southwest offered good business opportunities for Americans.
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11.3 The Coming of War
Objectives:
Determine why the United States placed an embargo on France and Great Britain.
Explain what Tecumseh wanted to accomplish and how successful he was.
Analyze why the United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812.
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67. I. Danger on the High Seas
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68. I. Danger on the High Seas
U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids conducted by North African countries called the Barbary States.
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69. Barbary States
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70. B. Problems with Great Britain
United States supplied goods and war materials to Great Britain and France, who went to war in 1803.
Each nation passed laws to stop the United States from trading with its enemy.
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71. B. Problems with Great Britain
The British stopped and seized American ships and also searched them for runaway British sailors, who were then forced to return to the British navy.
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72. B. Problems with Great Britain
Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army or navy, angered the United States, particularly when the British accidentally impressed some U.S. citizens.
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73. The impressment of an American seaman
The impressment of an American seaman. In Newfoundland men were exempt from impressment, an act practiced in the United States.
From a drawing by Stanley M. Arthurs. From Captain A.T. Mahan, Sea Power and its Relations to the War of 1812, Vol. I (London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company, Limited, 1894) 102.
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II. A Trade War
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II. A Trade War
Many Americans called for an embargo, or the banning of trade, in response to Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality.
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76. American merchants disliked the Embargo Act of 1807
American merchants disliked the Embargo Act of They argued that it would be years before Britain and France actually felt its effect while American trade stagnated.
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B. Trade Laws
Congress passed the Embargo Act, which banned trade with foreign nations.
Act damaged American economy, especially in New York and New England.
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B. Trade Laws
Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade with Britain, France and their colonies and stated the United States would resume trade with the first side to stop violating U.S. neutrality.
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80. The Non-Intercourse Act was designed to end the violations of US neutrality by the British and French. The Non-Intercourse Act superseded the Non-Importation Act, which barred all trading.
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81. III. The Rise of Tecumseh
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82. III. The Rise of Tecumseh
American Indians and American settlers in Northwest Territory clashed again.
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83. Northwest Territory
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84. III. The Rise of Tecumseh
British aided these American Indian groups in hopes of limiting U.S. expansion.
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85. III. The Rise of Tecumseh
Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to unite American Indians against the United States.
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86. Tecumseh
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IV. War on the Frontier
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IV. War on the Frontier
William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a threat.
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89. William Henry Harrison
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90. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 90
IV. War on the Frontier
In 1810 in the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated American Indian forces, which caused Tecumseh to lose much of his support.
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91. Battle of
Tippecanoe
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V. The War Debate
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A. The War Hawks
War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain.
Leaders included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun; support strongest in South, West
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94. John C Calhoun Henry Clay
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John C Calhoun
Henry Clay
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A. The War Hawks
Saw war as only answer, and some hoped war might expand the United States
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B. Doves wanted peace
Federalists in New England feared war with Britain would hurt the economy.
Other Americans argued that war was unnecessary and costly and that the U.S. military was not prepared to fight powerful Britain.
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VI. A Declaration of War
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VI. A Declaration of War
President James Madison, a Republican who had been elected in 1808, told Congress that Britain was already in a state of war against the nation.
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100. James Madison

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B. Congress Acts
Southern and western representatives in Congress voted for war.
Delaware, New England states, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania opposed war.
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B. Congress Acts
War Hawks won, and Congress declared war for the first time in U.S. history.
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11.4 The War of 1812
Objectives:
Describe how the war progressed at sea and in the Great Lakes region.
Explain how actions by American Indians aided the British during the war.
Identify the strategy the British pursued in the East.
Examine how the war came to an end.
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I. The War at Sea
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105. A. Advantages and Disadvantages
U.S. navy had fewer than 20 ships, while the British had hundreds.
U.S. government licensed private ships (called privateers) to attack British merchant ships.
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106. A. Advantages and Disadvantages
U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new warships that carried more cannons than most British ships of the same size.
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I. The War at Sea
Early in war, most British naval ships were scattered far from the United States.
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I. The War at Sea
Britain then turned to patrolling seas in large groups and blockading U.S. ports.
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II. The Canadian Border
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110. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 110
II. The Canadian Border
Americans attempted to invade Canada, but British force, aided by American Indians under Tecumseh, defeated U.S. force and captured Fort Detroit.
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B. The Great Lakes
By the end of 1812, the British controlled the strategic Great Lakes region.
Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a small U.S. fleet on Lake Erie.
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112. Source: http://housatonic.net/faculty/ABALL/US1Notes010.htm

113. Oliver Hazard Perry
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B. The Great Lakes
At the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, Perry’s fleet defeated British forces, which were forced to withdraw.
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115. Battle of Lake Erie
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III. The Frontier War
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117. A. Tecumseh and the British
After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison pursued British into Canada.
At the Battle of the Thames in October 1813, Harrison’s forces defeated the British and their American Indian allies.
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118. Battle of the Thames
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119. A. Tecumseh and the British
Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the Indian-British alliance.
Victory secured U.S. border with Canada.
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120. © Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 120
B. The Creek War
Creek force, led by Chief Red Eagle, took Fort Mims in present-day Alabama.
General Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces against the Creek.
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121. Red Eagle's Grave marker
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122. Andrew
Jackson
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B. The Creek War
At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, U.S. forces defeated the Creek force.
Victory ended Creek War, and Creek forced to give up millions of acres of land.
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124. Battle of Horseshoe Bend
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125. IV. The British on the Offensive
In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its blockade of U.S. ports.
British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore.
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126. Fort McHenry
The valiant defense of the fort by 1,000 dedicated Americans inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.”
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127. V. The Battle of New Orleans
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128. V. The Battle of New Orleans
British forces launched attack on New Orleans.
American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.
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129. New Orleans
Battle of
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VI. Ending the War
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131. A. The Hartford Convention
New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention.
Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States.
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132. Hartford Convention
Documents courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society
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133. A. The Hartford Convention
Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights.
War ended; Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power.
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B. The Peace Treaty
The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 21, 1814.
Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered, treaty provided no solutions to problems of impressment or trade
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135. The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Ghent in Belgium, late December 1814, to end the War of 1812 and a close return to terms as they were before the war.
of Ghent
Treaty
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B. The Peace Treaty
Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace.
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