1. Lecture 11 ASTR 111 – Section 002

2. Outline Short review on interpreting equations Light –Suggested reading: Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 5.6- 5.8 of textbook

3. Volume 2 meters 1 meter Side view of sphere Increase r by a factor of 2. What happens to volume?

4. Related questions What happens to answer if measurements were 1 yard and 2 yards instead of 1 meter and 2 meters? What happens if diameter increases by a factor of two? How much more paint is required to cover the larger sphere?

5. Outline Short review on interpreting equations Light –Suggested reading: Chapter 5.1-5.2 and 5.6- 5.8 of textbook

6. Particle versus Wave Light is composed of photons. To fully understand light, we need to think of it in terms of both a particle and a wave.

7. Particle When thinking about the speed of light, we think of a photon as a wave.

8. Lecture Experiment X Y X Launches a photon every 5 seconds. How often does Y get hit by a photon? photon

10. Light travels through empty space at a speed of 300,000 km/s In 1676, Danish astronomer Olaus Rømer discovered that the exact time of eclipses of Jupiter’s moons depended on the distance of Jupiter to Earth

11. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roemer.jpg

12. Light travels at 300,000 km/sec About how fast does your car travel in km/hour when you are on the freeway? About how fast does your car travel in km/second when you are on the freeway? If it takes light 8 minutes to travel from the sun to Earth, how long would it take you to drive?

14. Determining the Speed of Light Galileo tried unsuccessfully to determine the speed of light using an assistant with a lantern on a distant hilltop

15. In 1850 Fizeau and Foucalt also experimented with light by bouncing it off a rotating mirror and measuring time The light returned to its source at a slightly different position because the mirror has moved during the time light was traveling d=rate x time again gave c

16. What would happen if the stationary mirror was actually moving towards the rotating mirror?

17. Waves A review of waves

18. Light is electromagnetic radiation and is characterized by its wavelength ( )

19. Frequency and Wavelength The Greek letter “nu” and not the letter “v”

21. Cars are traveling at 100 km/hr to the right What would you need to know in order to be able to tell how often (frequently) a car will pass the finish line? Finish line velocity = 100 km/hr

22. Finish line v = 100 km/hr Replace cars with lines

23. Cars are traveling at 100 km/hr to the right What would you need to know in order to be able to tell how often a peak will pass the finish line? Finish line v = 100 km/hr

24. Finish line Distance between peaks How often peak passes finish line How fast wave moves to right Frequency and wavelength are intimately related for a wave.

25. Demo with snapping rope

26. Interference - destructive t=1 t=2

27. Interference - destructive t=3 t=4

28. Interference ? t=1 t=2

29. Interference ? ? t=3 t=4

30. Video http://phys23p.sl.psu.edu/CWIS/SPT--BrowseResources.php?ParentId=189

31. Interference Waves in two dimensions

32. x x x x xx x x x x x x

33. The electromagnetic spectrum

34. Because of its electric and magnetic properties, light is also called electromagnetic radiation Visible light falls in the 400 to 700 nm range Stars, galaxies and other objects emit light in all wavelengths

36. Which of the following has the highest frequency? –Visible light –Radio waves –Microwaves –X-Rays –Infrared light –Ultraviolet light –Gamma rays

37. Which of the following has the highest wavelength? –Visible light –Radio waves –Microwaves –X-Rays –Infrared light –Ultraviolet light –Gamma rays

38. Which of the following has the highest speed? –Visible light –Radio waves –Microwaves –X-Rays –Infrared light –Ultraviolet light –Gamma rays

39. Which of the following has the highest energy E (h is a constant)? –Visible light –Radio waves –Microwaves –X-Rays –Infrared light –Ultraviolet light –Gamma rays

40. How is the energy of a photon related to its frequency?

41. The dual nature of light Particle Wave

42. Particle

43. What would you expect if instead of a laser beam you used yellow spray paint beam? Draw it!

44. Wave

45. x x x x xx x x x x x x

46. x x x x xx x x x x x x The amplitude of the wave in the middle is the highest “Projection screen”

47. The atom and light

48. An atom has a small dense nucleus composed of protons (and neutrons) Rutherford’s experiments with alpha particles shot at gold foil helped determine the structure Probing the atom

50. Spectral lines are produced when an electron jumps from one energy level to another within an atom The nucleus of an atom is surrounded by electrons that occupy only certain orbits or energy levels When an electron jumps from one energy level to another, it emits or absorbs a photon of appropriate energy (and hence of a specific wavelength). The spectral lines of a particular element correspond to the various electron transitions between energy levels in atoms of that element. Bohr’s model of the atom correctly predicts the wavelengths of hydrogen’s spectral lines.