1. Psychoanalysis Chapter 13

2. Freud’s place in history “Psychoanalysis” and “Sigmund Freud”: known all over world Cover of Time magazine: 4 times, once 60 years after death http://img.timeinc.net/time/magazine/archive/covers/ 1956 19241939 1993

3. Three great shocks to the collective human ego (Freud, 1917) Copernicus Darwin Freud Freud’s place in history

4. Chronological overlap with other schools of thought 1895: Freud’s first book Wundt: age 63 Titchener: age 28, structuralism beginning Functionalism beginning Watson: age 17 Wertheimer: age 15 Freud’s place in history

5. 1939 Freud’s death Wundtian psychology, structuralism, and functionalism were past Gestalt psychology: in the process of transplantation Behaviorism was dominant Freud’s place in history

6. Psychoanalysis Distinct from mainstream psychology Methodology Topics of study Historical roots

7. Idea of the unconscious forces Not accepted by Wundt and Titchener Functionalists disregarded it Watson Freud: brought concept of the unconscious to psychology Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

8. Philosophical speculations Early ideas about psychopathology The influence of Charles Darwin Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

9. Philosophical speculations Mental events have different degrees of consciousness Mental events sometimes conflict, with only the winners gaining consciousness The mind is an iceberg; most of it is unconscious and hidden below the surface (Fechner) Europe 1880’s : consciousness was a part of the intellectual climate and a fashionable topic of conversation Freud Acknowledged that many others has speculated about consciousness, but claimed he was the first to find a way to study it Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

10. Early ideas about psychopathology Ancient times: mental illness = possession by demons, punishment for sin, disordered thought processes Treatment: prayer and magic 4 th century Christianity: mental illness = possession by evil spirits Treatment: inquisition, torture and execution Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

11. Early ideas about psychopathology 18 th century view: mental illness = irrational behavior Treatment: confined in institutions, sometimes displayed in public like zoo animals 19 th century: mental illness = broken machine Treatment: instrument treatments Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

12. Examples of Instruments revolving chair shock treatment tranquilizing technique Methods appear extreme to us but were used to relieve sickness rather than merely institutionalizing patients and ignoring them or worse

13. Two major schools of thought in psychiatry Somatic: causes of abnormal behavior are physical Dominant view Psychic: causes of abnormal behavior are emotional or psychological Psychoanalysis: a revolt against the somatic orientation

14. The Emmanuel movement Height of movement: 1906-1910 Advocated Talk therapy = part of zeitgiest Increased recognition of psychological causes of mental illness to both general public and therapeutic community Opposed by medical community Changing Views on Mental Illness

15. Hypnosis Franz Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) Mental illness caused by lack of balance in body’s animal magnetism; cured by restoring equilibrium Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) Found hypnosis an effective treatment of hysterical patients Used medical terminology in descriptions of symptoms and use of hypnosis Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

16. The influence of Charles Darwin Ideas from Darwin Unconscious mental processes and conflicts The significance of dreams The hidden symbolism of certain behavioral symptoms The importance of sexual arousal Notion of continuity in emotional behavior from childhood to adulthood Humans are driven by biological forces of love and hunger Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

17. From zeitgeist ( 19 th century) Viennese attitude toward sex generally permissive Victorian England and Puritan U.S. also not as prudish as often portrayed Freud and neurotic upper-middle-class women more sexually inhibited than most Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

18. Ideas already in use at time: Unconsciousness Mental illness as psychological Catharsis (talking therapy) Importance of dreams Changing views of sexuality Continuity between childhood and adulthood Freud’s genius: his ability to weave the threads of ideas and trends into a tapestry of a coherent system Antecedent influences on psychoanalysis

19. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) Much of his theory is autobiographical Father 20 years older than mother Mother Oedipus complex

20. Experimentation with cocaine Enthusiastically maintained it ameliorated his depression and indigestion Freud’s article on cocaine benefits in part responsible for its widespread use in U.S. and Europe until 1920s Discovery of addictive qualities of cocaine discredited Freud among his peers Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

21. The case of Anna O. Her case crucial to development of psychoanalysis (treated origianlly by Breuer) Wide range of hysterical symptoms Initial treatment: hypnosis Positive transference

22. Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim) not cured by Breuer Institutionalized Somehow overcame emotional problems Became a social worker, feminist, proponent of education for women Anna O. Case introduced Freud to the method of catharsis, the talking cure Case published 1895: the formal beginning of psychoanalysis The case of Anna O.

23. Conflicts between Breuer and Freud Breuer not convinced, as was Freud, that sex is the sole cause of neurosis Freud viewed sex as the key cause of neurosis Experiences with Charcot Gynecologist friend cases Disagreement between them led to estrangement The case of Anna O. http://www.minddisorders.com/images/gemd_02_img0086.jpg

24. 1896 Paper: Based on free-association data Free-association: technique in which patient says whatever comes to mind Reported that patients were exposed to childhood seduction traumas, often caused by the father or other older family member The paper was received with skepticism Kraft-ebbing: described it as a “scientific fairy tale” Freud response: his critics “were asses and could go to hell.” The childhood seduction controversy

25. 1897: Freud reversed his position The seduction scenes were fantasies Patients believed they were real experiences Fantasies sexual in nature, so sex remained the root of the problem For Freud, sex remained the cause of neurosis The childhood seduction controversy

26. 1984: Jeffrey Masson, briefly director of Freud archives, wrote Sexual abuse of Freud’s patients actually occurred Freud called them fantasies to make his theory more agreeable to professionals and laymen Contemporary data: child sexual abuse more frequent than supposed Whether Freud deliberately suppressed the truth is undetermined The childhood seduction controversy

27. Other possible reason for reversal: If Freud’s initial seduction theory was true, his father, like all fathers, might be guilty of abuse Freud’s own sexuality Held a negative attitude toward sex Experienced sexual difficulties The childhood seduction controversy

28. Refining methods of treatment Freud became dissatisfied with hypnosis A long-term cure not effected Patients vary in ability to be hypnotized Final techniques Retained catharsis as a treatment method Developed the method of free association (intrusion, evasion) Dream analysis Goal of psychoanalysis: bring repressed memories into conscious awareness Repressed memories: the source of abnormal behavior

29. Dream analysis Lesson from patients Dreams a rich source of information, providing clues to causes of a disorder Freud’s deterministic belief Everything has a cause Led him to look for unconscious sources of the meaning in dreams Two dream levels Manifest content: conscious dream recollection Latent content: underlying meaning Freud analyzed his own dreams for 2 years Emergent themes Hostility toward father Childhood sexual attraction to mother Sexual wishes regarding eldest daughter

30. Parts of personality: Id, ego, and superego Represents a conflict model of personality Freudian slip: a behavior that reflects unconscious motives Defense mechanisms: unconscious devices, developed by the ego to protect against anxiety, which also distort reality Repression: preventing unacceptable ideas, memories, or desires from coming to conscious awareness Some famous ideas:

31. Psychosexual stages of personality development: Children are autoerotic: sensual pleasure derives from stimulation of the body’s erogenous zones Each stage focuses on a different erogenous zone Inadequate (too little or too much) stimulation at a given stage leads to adult behaviors tied to that stage Key Freudian conviction: neuroses arise from childhood experiences By age 5: adult personality almost completed Thus Freud one of the first to emphasize the import of child development Some famous ideas:

32. Based on evidence formulated, revised, and extended by Freud who was sole interpreter Freud insisted only psychoanalysts who abided by his methods could judge its scientific worth Rarely responded to his critics Rejected rebels from his own system Jung, Adler “Psychoanalysis was his system, and his alone.” Freud’s System

33. Relations between psychoanalysis and psychology Psychoanalysis was for the most part outside the mainstream of psychology Psychoanalytical papers not accepted in American journals Freud criticized by well-known American psychologists (Watson = “voodoo”)

34. 1930’s and 1940’s psychoanalysis Popular with the general public Public often confused it with mainstream psychology (experimental psychologists furious) The academics’ response Claimed experimental tests of psychoanalytic concepts showed it to be inferior to experimental psychology (tests questionable)

35. 1950’s and 1960’s Translation of psychoanalytic concepts into behavioristic terms Psychology incorporated many of Freud’s concepts [unconscious motivation, pivotal nature of childhood experience, use of defense mechanisms]

36. The scientific validation of psychoanalytic concepts More valid tests of Freudian concepts followed the more unconvincing studies of the 1930s and 1940s Overall results: Some concepts difficult to test experimentally: e.g., id, ego, superego, libido Some support for: Aspects of oral and anal personality Castration anxiety Relationship between dreams and emotional processes

37. Some support for: Unconscious aspects of cognition Defense mechanism of repression Freudian slips No support for Link between male oedipal complex resolution and identification with and acceptance of superego standards of father through fear Inferiority of women’s bodily conceptions, morality, and sense of identity Personality determined by age 5 The scientific validation of psychoanalytic concepts

38. Undisclosed reasoning process for deriving inferences from data Data not quantified or analyzed statistically Not possible to determine their reliability Only six case histories were published, and none provides compelling support Data consisted of what Freud recollected Freud may have recalled and recorded primarily the material consistent with his theses Freud destroyed most of his data (patient files) Criticisms of psychoanalysis

39. Freud’s assumptions about human nature Very pessimistic No free will Often contradicted himself Definitions of key concepts are unclear Criticisms of psychoanalysis

40. Freud’s views on women Lack of penis as cause of women’s alleged weak superegos and feelings of bodily inferiority Karen Horney's defection and ultimate retort: men have womb envy Verdict by contemporary analysts: Freud’s views regarding psychosexual development of women unproven and wrong Criticisms of psychoanalysis

41. Contributions of psychoanalysis Freud explored otherwise ignored areas Unconscious motivating forces Conflicts among those forces Defense mechanisms, the unconscious mind, and dream analysis useful concepts