1. Animal Kingdom Vertebrates
6th Grade Science

2. Classification “Kings play chess on fine gold sets” Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Mammalia
Order Primate
Family Homidea
Genus Homo
Species sapien

3. What is a Chordate?
All chordates have 4 basic features that are present at some point during their life cycle
Hollow Nerve Cord – Nerve cord in which nerves branch out at regular intervals
Notochord – Long supporting rod that runs throughout body
Pharyngeal Pouches/Gill Slits – Paired structures in throat
Muscular Tail – Extends beyond anus
Only 4-5% of animals are chordates
Examples = Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

4. Chordate Cladogram Section 30-1 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians
Fishes
Nonvertebrate chordates
Invertebrate ancestor

5. The Generalized Structure of a Chordate
Section 30-1
Muscle segments
Tail
Anus
Pharyngeal pouches
Mouth
Hollow nerve cord
Notochord

6. Vertebrates
Vertebrates have an internal system of bones called an endoskeleton
Ectotherms are cold-blooded animals whose body temperatures change as their environmental temperatures change, e.g. fish, amphibians, reptiles
Endotherms are warm-blooded animals whose body temperatures do not change with changes in their surroundings, e.g., birds and mammals

7. Fish – Basic Facts
Fish are ectotherms living in nearly every single aquatic habitat Fish are aquatic vertebrates characterized by fins, scales, and gills
Fish were the first vertebrates to evolve some 500 million years ago during the Paleozoic era!!
Fish bring in oxygen rich water through gills and remove oxygen poor water through gill slits; GILLS exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen
Closed circulatory system with two chambered heart
Fins help fish steer, balance, and move
Scales cover and protect skin
Swim bladder controls buoyancy
Most are egg laying
LARGEST GROUP OF VERTEBRATES!

8. Fish Classification Phylum: Chordata Subphyla: Classes:
Urochordata -- sea squirts
Cephalochordata -- lancelets
Vertebrata -- vertebrates
Classes:
Agnatha -- lampreys and hagfishes
Chondrichthyes -- sharks and rays
Osteichthyes -- bony fishes

9. Sea Ray - Chondrichthyes
Lamprey – Jawless Fish
Catfish - Osteichthyes
Whale Shark - Chondrichthyes

10. Osteichthyes Bony fishes ~ majority of fishes
Three subclasses: lungfishes, lobe-finned fishes, and ray-finned fishes
Have a skeleton made of bone; 95% of all fish
Have a swim bladder or air sac to help control swimming depth
Carp, sea horse, perch, etc
Flexible skeleton allows for fast speeds
Separate sexes, fertilization external in most
Live-bearers include guppies, mollies, swordfish

11. Osteichthyes

12. Agnatha Agnatha Hagfishes and Lampreys
Jawless fish w/ slit-like, toothed mouth; feed on dead or dying fish by drilling a hole and sucking the blood and insides from the animal
Have mouths of soft tissue with no true teeth.
Have no bones; Only vertebrates with no vertebral column as adults
Breathe using gills
Reproduce sexually (external fertilization)
Two-chambered heart
blood flow through body is slow, as most of pumping action is used to push blood through gills.

13. Chondrichthyes Sharks, Skates, and Rays (living fossils)
Cartilaginous fish w/ skeleton of cartilage
Paired fins for balance, swimming, and steering
Evolution of jaws
Sharks rows of teeth, continually replaced
Highly developed sensory systems
extremely sensitive sense of smell
lateral line system -- detects movement and vibrations in water (line of fluid-filled canals)
Internal fertilization -- eggs kept inside body
when young are released, they behave like mini-adults

14. Amphibian Classification
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Amphibia
Order:
Urodela -- salamanders and newts
Anura -- frogs and toads
Apoda -- legless caecilians

15. Groups of Amphibians Salamanders – Long bodies and tails
Adults are carnivorous
Usually live in moist woods
Frogs and Toads –
Lack tails
Frogs have long legs and are usually tied to water
Toads have shorter legs and not as closely tied to water
Caecilians –
Legless animals that burrow in moist soil
Have fishlike scales

16. Spotted Salamander
Poison Dart Frog
Fire Bellied Toad
Caecilian

17. Amphibian Characteristics
Spend part of their lives on land and part in water, but nearly all rely on water for breeding
Adaptations – adjustments for temperature
Ectotherms -- body temperature changes with temperature of the surroundings
Hibernation – inactivity during cold weather
Estivation – inactivity during warm weather
Three-chambered heart ~ skin very important as an organ for gas exchange

18. Amphibian Characteristics
Endoskeleton made of bones to support body on land
Lungs to breathe on land; also exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide through the skin
Hearing and vision adapted to land life
Long tongue captures insects for food
Descendants of ancestral organisms that evolved some, not all, adaptations for life on land
First appeared 360 million years ago

19. Amphibian Metamorphosis
Hatched from eggs fertilized in water; tadpoles live in water and breathe through gills
Land-function structures such as legs and lungs develop for land life

20. The Life Cycle of a Frog Section 30-3 Adult Frog Young Frog
Adults are typically ready to breed in about one to two years.
Young Frog
Frog eggs are laid in water and
undergo external fertilization.
The eggs hatch into tadpoles a few days to several weeks later.
Fertilized Eggs
Tadpoles
Tadpoles gradually grow limbs, lose their tails and gills, and
become meat-eaters as they develop into terrestrial adults.

21. Section 30-3 Amphibians means “Double life” as larvae they live in
adults they live on
Water
Land
and have special adaptations such as
Bones
Lungs
Ribs
are
that allow for
that allow
that provide
Efficient movement
Breathing air
Support and protection
are

22. Reptiles – Basic Facts
Ectothermic animals that generally live whole lives on land
Body plans vary, but all reptiles have:
Dry, scaly skin – helps prevent loss of body water in dry environments
Terrestrial eggs – first animals to develop amniotic eggs that didn’t need to be deposited in water
Respire using lungs
Internal Fertilization; Most are egg-laying
Behavior controls body temp. (swimming, burrowing, basking, etc.)
Closed circulatory system; double loop;
Heart = two atria/one or two ventricles

23. Reptiles – Basic Facts
Some reptiles, such as turtles, use a hard shell for protection; turtles eat insects, worms, fish, plants
Some, such as alligators or crocodiles, live in or near water
Some, such as lizards and snakes, use their tongues to smell their environment; no ears – feel vibrations on ground
Reptile adaptations:
Thick, dry skin covered with scales protects and reduces water loss
Breathe using lungs
Internal fertilization produces amniotic egg that nourishes and protects the young until they hatch, fully developed

24. Groups of Reptiles Lizards and Snakes
Have legs & clawed toes (lizards) external ears, moveable eyelids
Highly evolved specialized forms (venom)
Crocodiles and Alligators
Long, typically broad snout and squat appearance
All are carnivorous
Protective of young; carry hatchlings in their mouth
Live in tropics and subtropics
Alligators live in freshwater
Crocodiles live in fresh or saltwater

25. Groups of Reptiles (con.)
Turtles and Tortoises –
All are shelled
Turtles are aquatic; tortoises are terrestrial
Tuatara –
Primitive reptiles found on small, remote islands

26. Coral Snake
Sea Turtle
Galapagos Tortoise
Tuatara

27. Nile Crocodile
North American Alligator

28. Birds – Basic Facts
Endothermic vertebrates that have two wings, two legs, a bill or beak, feathers, and lay eggs
Nearly 10,000 modern bird species
Birds are closely related to reptiles (scales on legs)
Feathers separate birds from all other animal species
Feathers provide insulation for warmth; can generate on body heat
Beak/Bills adapted to type of food they eat
Highly efficient respiratory system; lungs only exposed to Oxygen rich air
Internal fertilization; amniotic eggs; many mate for life

29. Birds – Basic Facts Adaptations for flight: Strong, hollow bones
High-energy diet
Large, efficient heart and a specialized respiratory system
Lungs with air sacs for efficiency and light weight
Wing shape and surface area, and air speed and angle combine with wing movements to provide an upward push for flight
Wing shape, area, and speed determine amount of lift produced!

30. Birds – Basic Facts Functions of Feathers
Strong, lightweight contour feathers give adult birds their stream-lined shape and coloring
Barbs: parallel strands off the main shaft
Help bird steer in air or swim
Attract mates or protect bird from predators
Down feathers – insulating layer of fluffy feathers under contour feathers
Feather care – preening adds oil for water-repellency; also closes breaks or gaps in feathers (oil gland found at base of tail)

31. Birds Section 31-2 have the following adaptations to flight Wings
Feathers
Strong chest muscles
Efficient respiratory system
Efficient circulatory system
which are
that also
that power
that provide
that ensure
Homologous to front limbs in other vertebrates
Provide warmth
Upward and downward wing strokes
One-way flow of O2-rich air
O2 distribution to body tissues

32. Groups of Birds More than thirty orders of birds
Some of the most common
Perching Birds – largest order; many are songbirds (sparrows, crows, cardinals, etc.)
Birds of Prey – fierce predators with hooked bills; large talons (condors, hawks, owls, eagles, etc.)
Herons & Relatives – Wade in aquatic habitats (storks, herons, cranes)
Ostriches & Relatives – flightless birds move by running or swimming (ostriches, emus, etc.)

33. Purple Finch
Stork
Red-Tailed Hawk
Emu

34. Mammals – Basic Facts
Endothermic vertebrates with mammary glands and hair
First true mammals appeared 220 million years ago
Mammals flourished after dinosaurs became extinct – 65 million years ago
Basic characteristics
Hair
Mammary glands – produce milk to nourish young
Breathe air
Four chambered heart
Endotherms – can generate own body heat
Internal fertilization; care for young
Specialized teeth
Herbivores: plant-eating animals with incisors for cutting and molars for grinding
Carnivores: meat eaters with sharp canines for tearing flesh
Omnivores: eat both plants and animals using a variety of teeth

35. Mammals – Basic Facts Body Systems
Well developed lungs made of millions of microscopic sacs called alveoli, which enable the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen during breathing
Large brain and complex nervous system
Internal fertilization to form embryo
Monotremes (platypus – lay eggs)
Marsupials
Placentals

36. Mammal Types Monotremes: lay eggs and lack nipples on mammary glands
Marsupials: give birth to immature young that finish developing in a pouch, e.g., opossums, kangaroos, koalas, Tasmanian devils, and wallabies
Placentals: develop from embryos connected to a placenta by an umbilical cord
Placenta provides food and oxygen to embryo and removes its waste
Time of development in uterus is called gestation period
Humans: 280 days
Mice and rats: 21 days
Elephant: 616 days

37. Mammals Today More than 4,000 species of mammals exist on Earth today
Found on every continent and in every climate
Have a role in maintaining environmental balance
Many mammals are endangered due to destruction of their habitat

38. Orders of Placental Mammals
Section 32-2
Orders of Placental Mammals
Order
Insectivores
Sirenians
Cetaceans
Chiropterans
Rodents
Characteristics
Examples
Long, narrow snouts, sharp claws
Water-dwelling, slow-moving
Live and breed in ocean, come to surface to breathe
Winged, capable of true flight
Single pair of long, curved incisor teeth in upper and lower jaws
Shrews, hedgehogs, moles
Manatees, dugongs
Whales, dolphins
Bats
Mice, rats, voles, squirrels, beavers, porcupines, chinchillas

39. Orders of Placental Mammals
Section 32-2
Orders of Placental Mammals
Order
Perissodactyls
Carnivores
Artiodactyls
Proboscideans
Characteristics
Examples
Hoofed, with an odd number of toes on each foot
Sharp teeth and claws
Hoofed, with an even number of toes on each foot
Trunks
Horses, tapirs, rhinoceroses, zebras
Tigers, hyenas, dogs, foxes, bears, raccoons, walruses
Cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, ibex, giraffes, hippopotami, camels
Asian and African elephants, mastodons and mammoths

40. Orders of Placental Mammals
Section 32-2
Orders of Placental Mammals
Order
Lagomorphs
Xenarthrans
Primates
Characteristics
Examples
Two pairs of incisors in upper jaw, hind legs allow leaping
No teeth (or very small teeth in the back of the jaw)
Highly developed cerebrum and complex behaviors
Snowshoe hares, rabbits
Sloths, anteaters, armadillos
Lemurs, tarsiers, apes, gibbons, macaques, humans