1. The George Washington University School of Engineering & Applied Science Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering ECE Senior Design Design vs. Implementation Professor Tom Manuccia

2. Lecture Agenda What is design Ways to describe design What is implementation With a running example

3. What is Design? The process of translating the Requirements and Specifications into a well thought out plan that fully describes the system The “What” and “Why” of your project The high level blueprints of what you will build

4. What is Implementation The process of defining how the design blocks perform their functions and building the actual design blocks to function according to the design The “How” of your project The realization of the design

5. Design vs. Implementation Design is generally block diagrams & specs It is the abstract, planning part of the activity It contains those specs so critical that if not followed, the project will not be successful. –Example: Should I use the 1 MHz (10 Hz / deg C) crystal oscillator circuit from the ARRL handbook or the 1 MHz (1 Hz / deg C) crystal oscillator circuit from Horowitz and Hill? Implementation It is the part of a project when a design is reduced to practice. Implementation contains options that are equally viable in that they won’t affect the overall performance or success of the project. –Example: Should I buy a 1 kohm, 1 watt resistor from Digikey or Allied? –Example: Should I use the 1 MHz (1 Hz / deg C drift) crystal oscillator circuit from the ARRL handbook or from Horowitz and Hill? Schematics and mechanical drawings can be either design or implementation depending on the importance of the decisions represented on them.

6. An Example I want to control the headlights of my car with a computer; I have a 1990 Nissan Maxima Start by building a proof of concept (POC) Requirements –Turn low beam on and off –Turn high beam on and off –All control is through a standard PC Specifications –12Vdc, 100W Halogen Dual Beam Headlamp –GUI with three buttons: OFF, LOW, and HIGH

7. Concept of the Example Control

8. Design Example Software (PC) User Input Interface Logic Headlamp

9. Ways to Describe the Design System Architecture (Design Blocks) –Describes functional blocks and how they interact Data throughput analysis –Describes the data path and calculate the rate of data throughput at each step to find the overall throughput Execution Flow diagram –Illustrate the steps and decision points that the execution unit will follow –Your algorithm Use cases –Describes different scenarios of how the user can interact with the project –For each different scenario, explain user’s input and the response of the system

10. Ways to Describe the Design (Continued) Timing Diagrams –For hardware modules it describes the details of the timing of the inputs and outputs of the module HCI (Human Computer Interaction) Mockups –Describes the main points of the user interface, this includes GUIs and physical interfaces such as switches and displays 3-D Mechanical Drawings –Describes the mechanical aspects of the design, the dimensions of the chasses and any other relevant information Interface Control Document –Describes the verbose details of any interfaces to the device, i.e. the details of a data port, command set, etc.

11. System Architecture Example GUI Command Interface Message Transmitter Embedded Logic Controller Interface Circuit Function callCommand Data RS-232 Byte Enable[1:0] Low Voltage Enable[1:0] High Voltage Headlamp

12. Data throughput analysis PC Embedded Logic Controller 9600 bps

13. Execution Flow Example Button Press Which Button? Send “High Off” Command Send “Low Off” Command Send “High On” Command Send “Low On” Command Send “Low Off” Command Send “High Off” Command High Off Low

14. Use Cases Example ScenarioUser InputSystem Response # 1User clicks on a button Headlamp responds accordingly

15. Context Diagrams Presents the reader with the context in which the project exists Illustrates what interactions the system has with its surroundings Explains system level interfaces and their functions

16. Context Level Diagram Example System User Input State of headlamp

17. Level One Design Diagram The first level of decomposition of the project Describes the fundamental design blocks and their interactions at the top level The most common form of describing the system architecture

18. Level One Design Diagram Example Software (PC) User Input Interface Logic Headlamp

19. Level N Design Diagram The result of further decomposition of the design Each step of the recursive process of design The next level of decomposition of the design block above in the design hierarchy Like the level one design diagram, describes the design blocks and their interactions Still the most common form of describing the system architecture Stops at the point where the function of a design block is so basic that any further decomposition would lead to schematics, pseudo code, mechanical model, etc.

20. Level 1 Design Diagram Example Software (PC) User Input Interface Logic GUI Command Interface Message Transmitter Function callCommand Data Headlamp

21. Level 1 Design Diagram Example Software (PC) User Input Interface Logic Embedded Logic Controller Interface Circuit Enable[1:0] Low Voltage Headlamp

22. Implementation Example Software written in Visual Basic 6.0 GUI commandTx( int buttonCode); Hardware CB-7520 (RS-232 to RS-485 Converter) CB-7050 (15-bit Digital I/O Module, 7-bit Input, 8-bit Output) Reed Relay Automotive Relay 120Vac to 12Vdc power Transformer

23. Implementation Example GUICommandTx PC CB-7520CB-7050 RS-232RS-485 2X Reed Relay2X Auto RelayHeadlamp 2 x Open Collector Outputs with 10 mA current 2 x Circuit with 350 mA current2 x Circuit with 10A current Power Transformer 120VAC @ 60Hz 12VDC @ 10 A GND

24. Distinguishing Design from Implementation Caution needed Example#1: Should I buy a low or high performance op-amp »In many projects, this decision wouldn’t make any difference (other than cost). In this case it would be implementation. »In other projects, the subsystem will not meet specs with a low-performance op-amp. In this case this decision would be part of the design process. »Such decisions are often indicated on a schematic instead of in a block diagram, but if the choice is critical to success it is clearly part of the design process. Example #2: Should I power an op-amp from +5 v, plus and minus 5v, or plus and minus 15 volts? Example #3: Should I position my components and route the traces on my PCB in a particular way, or is this little more than an “art” left to a technician?

25. Logic vs. Physical Logically separate design blocks –Have interfaces and functions Physical parts –Can serve as implementations of logical blocks What is the mapping of the logical to the physical? This is where design and implementation can meet

26. An Example You want to build a real-time point-to- point telephone that uses encryption to secure the channel There are only two phones in the system One person calls the other, and the channel is encrypted

27. Concept Your Phone Point A Your Phone Point B Encrypted Link

28. Basic Needs Data Throughput (rate) –Raw sampling rate: 8 KHz @ 8-bits –Compression: ADPCM 2-bits per sample –Effective end to end rate: 64Kbps or 8KBps –Link rate: 16 Kbps or 2KBps

29. Architecture (Part 1) Block Encrypter ADC Anti-aliasing Filter Swing Buffer Voice Call Request Link Data Controller Place Call Answer Call Call Request Block Compressor Transmitter

30. Architecture (Part 2) Block Decrypter DAC Low Pass Filter Swing Buffer Call Request Link Data Controller Place Call Answer Call Call Request Block Decompressor Receiver Speech

31. Data Throughput Block Encrypter ADC Anti-aliasing Filter Block Compressor Block Decrypter DAC Low-pass Filter Block Decompressor Speech Voice Digital Cipher Text Audio 4 KHz Bandwidth Audio 8 KHz cut off 8-bit words @ 8 KHz 2-bit words @ 8 KHz Analog Speech 2 KHz Center 8-bit words @ 8 KHz 2-bit words @ 8 KHz

32. Implementation Options Microcontroller with CODEC FPGA with CODEC

33. Physical Implementation 1 (One Side)

34. Physical Implementation 2 (One Side) CODEC (ADC) (DAC) Block Compression Block Encrypter Transmitter (serializer) Receiver (deserilizer) Block Decrypter Block Reconstriction FPGA RS-232 Line Driver / Receiver SM Transmitter SM LED Push-Buttons LED Push-Buttons