1. Cloud Computing Benefits and Challenges
Prof. Fatma Omara
Vice dean of the faculty of Computers and Information , Cairo University
Ms. Sara Salem
Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Computers and Information, Cairo University
Mr. Mohamed Handosa
Ph.D. Student, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University

2. Computing Generations
Terminal
Mainframe
1. Mainframe Computing
Server
Internet
4. Internet Computing PC
2. PC Computing PC
5. Grid Computing PC
Grid
3. Network Computing PC
Server
6. Cloud Computing PC
Cloud
Handbook of Cloud Computing

3. Mainframe Vs. Cloud Computing
Cloud is a return to mainframe computing
Mainframe
Offers finite computing power
Dummy terminals as user interface devices
Cloud
Provides almost infinite power and capacity
PCs can provide local computing and cashing
Handbook of Cloud Computing

4. History of Internet Revolution
Internet gone through four revolutions.
Every revolution took about ten years.
Cloud computing is a major part of the fifth revolution
TCP/IP
& Usenet
Web & Search
Social Networking & Commerce
Resource Elastic Applications
2011 Seif Haridi & Peter Van Roy

5. Cloud Computing Definition
A computational environment that provides transparent access to a shared pool of computing resources matching the user’s needs
e.g. processing power, storage, applications, & components
Clouds capabilities vary mainly in the extent of transparency addressed in the following eight aspects:
Access, location, concurrency, replication, failure, mobility, performance, and scaling.”
[Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011]

6. Cloud Computing Definition
Five Characteristics
On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity or expansion
Measured service
Service Models
Software
Platform
Infrastructure
Deployment Models
Private
Community
Public
Hybrid
NIST: Definition of Cloud Computing, Draft version 14

7. The Evolution of Cloud Computing
Grid Computing
Solving large problems with parallel computing
Made mainstream by Globus Alliance
Utility Computing
Offering computing resources as a metered service
Introduced in late 1990s
Software as a Service
Network-based subscription to applications
Gained momentum in 2001
Cloud Computing
Next-Generation Internet computing
Next Generation Data Centers

8. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Cloud Computing
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

9. Forces Driving Cloud Computing

10. Cloud Services VS. Traditional Hosting
Sold on demand, typically by minute or hour.
Elastic, a user can have as much or as little of a service as they want at any given time.
Service is fully managed by the provider
A consumer needs only a PC and Internet access.

11. Primary Benefits of Cloud Computing
Two primary benefits
Increasing agility
Reducing costs
Agility improves with ability to re-provision technological infrastructure resources.
Cloud computing provides both application developers and users an abstract view of services that shields complexities and details

12. The Growth of Cloud Computing

13. How Cloud Computing Works
Database
(Storage)
Computer Network
Control
Node
Client Computer
Application
Servers
2008 HowStuffWorks

14. Cloud Computing
Benefits

15. Cloud Benefits No up-front investment Lowering operating cost
Pay-as you-go pricing model.
No need to invest in the infrastructure.
Resources are rented from the according to needs.
Lowering operating cost
Resources are allocated and de-allocated on demand.
No need to provide capacities according to peak load.
Resources can be released to save on operating costs when service demand is low.

16. Cloud Benefits (Cont.) Highly scalable Easy access
Infrastructure providers pool large amount of resources and make them easily accessible.
Service providers can easily expand its service to large scales to handle rapid increase in service demands
Easy access
Services hosted in the cloud are generally web-based.
Accessible through devices with Internet connections.
Devices: desktop, laptop, cell phones and PDAs.

17. Cloud Benefits (Cont.)
Reducing business risks and maintenance expenses
Outsource the service infrastructure to the cloud
Service providers shift business risks (such as hardware failures) to infrastructure providers
Infrastructure providers have better expertise and are better equipped for managing these risks.
A service provider can cut down the hardware maintenance and the staff training costs.

18. Pay-by-use VS. Provisioning for Peak
Static data center
Data center in the cloud
Capacity
Time
Resources
Demand
Unused resources
Demand
Capacity
Time
Resources
Unused resources
Slide Credits: Berkeley RAD Lab

19. Heavy Penalty for Under-Provisioning
Lost revenue
Resources
Demand
Capacity
Time (days) 1 2 3
Resources
Demand
Capacity
Time (days) 1 2 3
Resources
Demand
Capacity
Time (days) 1 2 3
Lost users
Slide Credits: Berkeley RAD Lab

20. IT Project Evaluation Criteria
IT Evaluation Criteria
Cloud Computing Offers
Time to value
Capital expense
Operational costs
Technical resource demands
Fast time to value
Minimal capital investment
Lower operational costs
Fewer resource demands
53% of software projects
cost 189% of original estimate
Standish Group, Chaos Report 2007

21. “Cloud Computing Energy Efficiency” report
Energy Savings
Cloud computing leads to a 38% reduction in worldwide data center energy consumption by 2020.
Total data center energy consumption
from $23.3 billion in 2010
to $16.0 billion in 2020.
“Cloud Computing Energy Efficiency” report

22. Key Indicators for Cloud Computing Value
Large capital infrastructure costs and low data sensitivity (Data Centers)
Projects that need to scale massively up or down with demand
(Tax season)
Software or hardware migrations and upgrades
( Migration)
Cloud Computing
New development for public or low data sensitivity projects
(Web Presence)
Projects that need to be deployed rapidly
(Wikis, Blogs)
Projects that require a great deal of Government IT infrastructure management

23. SaaS
IaaS
PaaS
Cloud Computing
Layers and Services

24. Cloud Computing Services
Who Uses It
What Services are available
Why use it?
Business Users
, Office Automation, CRM, Website Testing, Wiki, Blog, Virtual Desktop …
To complete business tasks
Developers and Deployers
Service and application test, development, integration and deployment
Create or deploy applications and services for users
System Managers
Virtual machines, operating systems, message queues, networks, storage, CPU, memory, backup services
Create platforms for service and application test, development, integration and deployment
Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (PaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

25. Cloud Computing Layers
Resources Managed at each layer
Application
Business Applications, Web Services, Multimedia
Google Apps,
Facebook,
Youtube,
Saleforce.com
Software as a service (SaaS)
Platform
Software Framework (Java, .NET)
Storage (DB, File)
Microsoft Azure,
Google AppEngine,
Amazon SimpleDB/S3
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Infrastructure
Computation (VM) Storage (block)
Amazon EC2,
GoGrid
Flexiscale
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Hardware
CPU, Memory ,Disk, Bandwidth
Data Centers

26. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Hardware Layer
Hardware
CPU, Memory ,Disk, Bandwidth
Data Centers
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Implemented in data centers
Manages physical resources of the cloud:
Servers, routers, switches, power cooling systems.
Responsible for:
Hardware configuration
Fault tolerance
Traffic management
Power and cooling resource management

27. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Infrastructure Layer
Infrastructure
Computation (VM) Storage (block)
Amazon EC2,
GoGrid
Flexiscale
Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)
Also known as the Virtualization Layer.
Creates a pool of resources by partitioning the physical resources using virtualization technologies such as Xen, KVM, and VMware.
Many key features, such as dynamic resource assignment, are only made available through virtualization technologies.

28. Platform Layer Built on top of the infrastructure layer.
Software Framework (Java, .NET)
Storage (DB, File)
Microsoft Azure,
Google AppEngine,
Amazon SimpleDB/S3
Platform as a service (PaaS)
Built on top of the infrastructure layer.
Consists of OSs and application frameworks.
Minimize the effort of deploying applications directly into VM containers.
E.g. Google App Engine provides API support for implementing storage, database, etc.

29. Application Layer Highest level of the hierarchy
Business Applications, Web Services, Multimedia
Google Apps,
Facebook,
Youtube,
Saleforce.com
Software as a service (SaaS)
Highest level of the hierarchy
Consists of the actual cloud applications
Cloud applications can leverage automatic-scaling feature to achieve better performance, availability, and lower operating cost.

30. Cloud Computing Providers
End User
Service Provider (SaaS)
Platform Provider (PaaS)
Infrastructure Provider (IaaS)
IaaS and PaaS providers are often parts of the same organization (e.g. Google, Salesforce).
PaaS and IaaS providers are often called the infrastructure providers or cloud providers

31. Market Overview Software as a Service (SaaS)
Platform as a Service (Paas)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

32. Some Commercial Clouds
Windows Azure (PaaS)
Hosting service for .NET applications and SQL databases
Google AppEngine (PaaS)
Automatic scaling and reliability at the price of a highly constrained application structure (3-tier Web application)
Amazon Web Services (IaaS)
Includes Scalable Storage Service (S3), Elastic Computing Cloud (EC2), Elastic Block Store (EBS)
Comes with many secondary tools: e-commerce, Content-Distribution Network (CDN), etc.

33. Cloud-based Storage
An IaaS where the only resource being managed is the storage space.
Amazon S3, CloudDIP and Dropbox
Used to facilitate collaboration between students
Allow working together on the same document.

34. Hybrid
Public
Private
Community
Cloud Computing
Deployment Models

35. Public Cloud
Service providers offer their resources as services to general public.
Offers key benefits to service providers, including:
No initial capital investment on infrastructure, and
shifting of risks to infrastructure providers.
However, public clouds lack fine-grained control over data, network and security settings, which hampers their effectiveness in many business scenarios.

36. Private (Internal) Cloud
Designed for exclusive use by a single organization.
May be built and managed by the organization or by external providers.
Offers the highest degree of control over performance, reliability and security.
However, similar to traditional server farms and do not provide benefits such as no up-front capital costs.

37. Hybrid Cloud A combination of public and private cloud models.
Offers more flexibility than both public and private.
Part of the service infrastructure runs in private clouds while the remaining part runs in public clouds.
Provides better control and security over application data compared to public clouds, while still providing on-demand service expansion.
Requires carefully determining the best split between public and private cloud components.

38. Community Cloud
Shared by several organizations and supports a specific community having shared concerns
e.g. mission, security requirements, policy, etc.
Managed by the organizations or a third party and may exist on-premises or off-premises.

39. Characteristics Characteristics
Geo-distribution and ubiquitous network access
Multi-tenancy
Shared resource pooling
Dynamic resource provisioning
Service oriented
Cloud Computing
Characteristics

40. Multi-Tenancy
Services owned by multiple providers are co-located in a single data center.
Performance and management issues of services are shared among service providers and the infrastructure provider.
The layered architecture of cloud computing provides a natural division of responsibilities
However, multi-tenancy also introduces difficulties in understanding and managing the interactions among various stakeholders.

41. Service Oriented Service-driven operating model.
Strong focus on service management.
IaaS, PaaS and SaaS provider offer service according to Service Level Agreement (SLA) with customers.
SLA assurance is a critical objective of every provider.

42. Shared Resource Pooling
Infrastructure provider offers a pool of computing resources.
Dynamic resource assignment provides flexibility for managing resource usage and operating costs.

43. Dynamic Resource Provisioning
Traditional model provides resources according to peak demand.
Cloud allows service providers to acquire resources based on the current demand.
Resources obtained and released on the fly.
This can lower the operating cost.

44. Geo-Distribution and Ubiquitous Network Access
Any device with Internet connectivity is able to access cloud services
e.g. mobile phone, a laptop, etc.
To achieve high network performance and localization, data centers are located at many locations around the world.
A service provider can easily make use of geo-diversity to achieve maximum service utility.

45. Transparency Transparency Cloud Computing Access Location Concurrency
Replication
Failure
Mobility
Performance
Scaling
Cloud Computing
Transparency

46. Cloud Computing Transparency
The transparency feature of the cloud that shields complexities related to utility computing and Software as a Service (SaaS) from both developers and end-users.
Clouds transparency addressed eight aspects:
Access, location, concurrency, replication, failure, mobility, performance, and scaling.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

47. Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
Access Transparency
Identical operations should be used to access local and remote resources.
Location Transparency
Resources should be accessed without knowledge of their physical location.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

48. Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
Concurrency Transparency
Ensures consistency of resources in the presence of concurrent access.
Replication Transparency
End-users and applications developers should not be aware of the existence of multiple replicas of the resources.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

49. Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
Failure Transparency
End-users and applications developers should continue their tasks even with the presence of faults in hardware or software.
Mobility Transparency
Both resources and clients allow to move within the system without affecting the operation of the system.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

50. Cloud Computing Transparency (Cont.)
Performance Transparency
System should be reconfigured dynamically to match load variances.
Scaling Transparency
Allows system and applications dynamic scaling without changing system structure or algorithms.
Egypt's Cloud Computing Strategic Plan-2011

51. Virtualization Technology
Cloud Computing
Virtualization Technology

52. Virtualization Technology
An essential enabling technology for cloud computing.
Virtualization allows a system to pretend to be more than one system.
Virtualization provides abstraction for the computing resources like (Storage, Memory, Network and Processing Power).
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

53. Virtualization Technology (Cont.)
VM 1
Service 1
VM 2
Service 2
VM 3
Service 3
VM n
Service n …
Virtualization Layer
Net
Disk
RAM
Processor
System Resources
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

54. Virtualization Benefits
Higher resources utilization is achieved by multiplexing one host’s resources by many virtual machines.
Flexible management of the computing resources in the cloud.
Easy provisioning and migration of virtual machines.
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

55. Virtualization Standardization
Standardization ensures interoperability between virtualization management vendors and the virtual machines produced by them.
Standardization Efforts:
VMAN
OCCI
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

56. Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011
VMAN Standard
Distributed Management Task Force initiated the Virtualization Management (VMAN) initiative.
VMAN standard includes a set of specifications that address the management lifecycle of a virtual environment.
OVF (Open Virtualization Format) is a standard format for describing VMs and applications to be deployed on heterogeneous platforms.
VMAN standard
OVF specification
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

57. OCCI Standard
The Open Grid Forum (OGF) organized an official new working group “the Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group” (OCCIWG).
OCCI include APIs to manage VMs:
Deployment
Scaling
Monitoring
Open Cloud Computing Interface Working Group.
OCCI APIs
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

58. Virtual Machine PROVISIONING AND MIGRATION
Cloud Computing
Virtual Machine PROVISIONING AND MIGRATION

59. Virtual Machine Provisioning
Server provisioning is defining server’ configuration based on the user requirements:
Hardware: CPU, RAM, storage, networking, etc.
Operating system
Applications
Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms Book 2011

60. Virtual Machine Provisioning Life Cycle
Release VM
Deallocate resources
IT Service Request
Requirements Analysis
VM Provision
Load OS, applications, configurations
VMs In Operation
Running & providing services
Manually installing an operating system.
Using a preconfigured VM template.
Cloning an existing VM.

61. Need for Virtual Machine Migration
Upgrading
Balancing resource usage
VM Failure
Meeting SLA

62. Virtual Machine Migration Techniques
Live/Hot Migration:
The movement of a virtual machine from one physical host to another while being powered on.
The VM state is copied to the target host.
The source VM is suspended.
The network is routed into the target VM.
Finally the target VM starts.

63. Virtual Machine Migration Techniques
Regular/Cold Migration:
Migration of a powered-off virtual machine.
The configuration files, log files and the disks of the virtual machine, are moved from the source host to the target host.
The VM is registered with the new host.
The old version of the VM is deleted from the source host.

64. Virtual Machine Migration Techniques
Live/Hot Migration
Regular/Cold Migration
VM is powered on.
Needs a shared storage for virtual machines in the server’s pool.
Certain CPU compatibility checks to be applied between hosts.
Shortage time is very small
Less Simple Process.
VM is powered off.
The virtual machines are not required to be on a shared storage.
No CPU checks are applied X X
Shortage time is large.
Simple Process.

65. Live Migration and High Availability
Migration of a running web server

66. Cloud Computing Drawback
We can’t completely rely on third party when we are transmitting sensitive data

67. Challenges and Research Direction
Cloud Computing
Challenges and Research Direction

68. Cloud Computing Aspects
Computational Power
Provisioning, virtualization, elasticity/scalability, and accounting.
Could Storage
Delivers virtualized storage over a network on demand with a requested quality of service (QoS).

69. Cloud Computing Aspects (Cont.)
Cloud Security
Security models (targeting confidentiality, integrity, and availability), privacy, access control, identity protection, authentication.
Cloud Engineering
Architectures, modeling, Interoperability/standardization, APIs, Programming models, verification and validation.

70. Cloud Computing Research Challenges
Automated service provisioning
Virtual machine migration
Server consolidation
Energy management
Traffic management and analysis
Data security
Software frameworks
Storage technologies and data management
Novel cloud architectures

71. Research Challenges Automated Service Provisioning
Dynamic exchange of cloud users requests.
Large scale and complex nature of cloud system.
Scheduling tasks with guaranteeing QoS constrains.
Dynamic successive allocation and dependent tasks.
HPC (High Performance Computing) applications requires ever-increasing computational resources.
Allocate appropriate resource shares to services that have conflicting resource demands.
Heterogeneous distribution of resources.

72. Research Challenges Automated Service Provisioning(Cont.)
Allocate and de-allocate resources from the cloud
to satisfy its Service Level Objectives (SLOs),
minimizing its operational cost.
Determine how to map SLOs such as QoS requirements to low-level resource requirement such as CPU and memory requirements (contradictions).
Achieve high agility and respond to rapid demand fluctuations such as in flash crowd effect,
resource provisioning decisions must be made online.

73. Research Challenges Virtual Machine Migration
Benefits of Virtualization Platforms:
Natural way dealing the heterogeneity of the infrastructure.
Allow partitioning and isolating of physical resources.
Execution of legacy applications.
Virtual machine migration
Satisfy load balance across the data center.
Enables robust and highly responsive provision.
Major benefit is to avoid workload hotspots.

74. Research Challenges Virtual Machine Migration (Cont.)
Detecting hotspots and initiating a migration lacks agility to respond to sudden workload changes.
In memory state should be transferred consistently and efficiently, with integrated consideration of resources for applications and physical servers.

75. Research Challenges Cloud Security
Service providers
Typically do not have access to the physical security system of data centers.
Can only specify the security setting remotely, without knowing whether it is fully implemented.
Rely on infrastructure provider to achieve data security.
Infrastructure provider must achieve 2 objectives:
Confidentiality, for secure data access and transfer
Auditability, testing security setting of applications has been tampered or not.

76. Research Challenges Cloud Security (Cont.)
International Data Corporation “IDC”, 2009

77. Research Challenges Cloud Security (Cont.)
Top security/privacy issues can be classified into:
Traditional Security Threats
Data Center Design and Operation
Incident Response, Notification, and Remediation
Operating System Security
Application Security
Encryption and Key Management
Identity and Access Management
Virtualization

78. Research Challenges Cloud Storage
Why cloud Storage popularity is increasing:
The pay-per-use model brings significant savings
Fault-Tolerance and reliability
Increased flexibility and scalability both in terms of capacity and performance
Out-house storage provisioning; cloud storage offers easy to use and to manage storage solution.
Access Transparency
File sharing and collaboration

79. Research Challenges Cloud Storage Challenges
Data security
Confidentiality, availability, authenticity, authorization, and non-repudiation.
Data Location
Ensure that the data, including all of its copies and back-ups, is stored only in geographic locations permitted by contract, SLA, and/or regulation.

80. Research Challenges Cloud Storage Challenges(Cont.)
Mixing or Commingling data with other cloud customers
Must be happen under controlling while in use, storage, or transit.
Will be a challenge when concerns are raised about data security and geo-location.
Data discovery.
Cloud service providers and data owners need to focus on discovering data and assuring legal and regulatory authorities that all data requested has been retrieved.

81. Research Challenges Cloud Storage (Cont.)
Data persistence
Techniques must provide for
Completely and effectively locating data in the cloud.
Erasing / destroying data.
Assuring that data has been completely removed.
Distributed Transaction Atomicity
Transaction across sites should be atomic.
Changes persist only if the transaction commits.

82. Research Challenges Cloud Storage (Cont.)
Performance and cost effectiveness.
Dealing with storage should be fast and cost efficient.
Interoperability.
Transferring Data between different data centers seamlessly.
Data center and storage architecture.
Data backup and recovery
Must be in place and effective in order to prevent data loss, unwanted data overwrite, and destruction.

83. Research Challenges Cloud Storage (Cont.)
Replication and consistency.
Data replication to increase reliability.
Copies of the data should be consistent.
Scalability
Storage should be allocated / dellocated on demand in real-time.
Data management should address both horizontal and vertical aspects of scalability.

84. Research Challenges Cloud Engineering
A Cloud API is a mechanism by which software can request services
Ability of diverse systems and organizations to work together (inter-operatelity)
A Federation is an organization within which smaller divisions have some internal autonomy
A federation of clouds is an agreement to cooperate for the mutual benefit

85. Research Directions Computational Power Cloud Storage Cloud Security
Cloud Engineering

86. Research Directions Computational Power
Dynamic exchange of cloud user’s requests.
Large scale and complex nature of cloud system.
Scheduling tasks with guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) constraints.
Dynamic successive allocation and dependent tasks.

87. Research Directions Computational Power (Cont.)
Cloud computing for High Performance Computing.
Special hardware architectures for Cloud Computing.
How to allocate appropriate resource shares to services with conflicting resource demands.
Heterogeneous distribution of resources.

88. Research Directions Cloud Storage
Storage retrieval performance
Selective encryption and information dissemination
Cryptographic coprocessors
Data Integrity
Storage performance
Campus data storage

89. Research Directions Cloud Storage (Cont.)
Efficient and secure sharing of data & storage
Data security
Trusted data sharing through un-trusted cloud providers
Data authentication
Storage abstraction for portability across platforms
Replication consistency

90. Research Directions Cloud Security
Concerning the categorization in all the cloud computing technology-stack (Virtualization, systems, data, networks, management, provisioning).
Super-fast cryptographic processors and cryptographic accelerators.
Biometric identification and Radio-frequency identification technologies for Cloud Computing.

91. Research Directions Cloud Security (Cont.)
Hardened-modified operating system for paravirtualized Cloud-Computing platforms.
Internet Single Sign-On and Federated Identity protocols.
Security policies for virtual switches, virtual networks and VM-backplanes.
Security Breaches and Vulnerabilities Response Policy for Cloud Computing Model.

92. Research Directions Cloud Engineering
Programming Model and APIs
Cloud Computing Standards.
Data Lock-In
APIs Standardization and Compatible software
Data Extraction from Cloud
Data Confidentiality and Auditability
Data Encryption

93. Research Directions Cloud Engineering (Cont.)
Data Storage Layer
Firewalls
Geographical Data Storage
Data Transfer Bottlenecks
Data Transfer Scheduling
Cloud front Service
Data Backup/Archival

94. Research Directions Cloud Engineering (Cont.)
Performance Unpredictability
Virtual Machines Scheduling
Scalable Storage
Query and Storage
Inter-cloud
Inter-cloud standards
Identity/Presence
Network Search

95. Research Directions Cloud Engineering (Cont.)
Networking
Networking Operating Systems
Application for Cloud Computing
Health, E-Government, E-Learning, etc.

96. Egyptian Cloud Computing R&D Roadmap
The Cloud Computing committee in Egypt categorized the basic research and applied research in the following categories:
Standardization
Infrastructure
Computing
Management
Techniques

97. THE BOTTOM LINE
Cloud  computing  is a  simple idea, but  it  can have a huge impact  on the business.

98. “Wilber is probably taking this Cloud Computing too seriously”.
Thank
You

99. Future Solution for E-governance
Cloud Computing
Future Solution for E-governance

100. Future Solution for E-governance
Two main trends related to E-government:
Development of computer infrastructure, and
Increasing users' skills and knowledge of operating computers and the Internet.
Public sector should concerns improved conditions for development and deployment of e-government solutions.
This can be achieved using cloud computing and service-oriented architecture in the public sector.

101. Future Solution for E-governance (Cont.)
Cloud computing permits to uniformly cover the whole country with e-government solutions, independently of divergence of local administrative units that
may be better or worse prepared to provide e-services.
Service-oriented architecture facilitates provision of compound services covering whole customer processes, where a customer may be a citizen or an enterprise.

102. Future Solution for E-governance (Cont.)
Existing e-government practices face many challenges, from development to implementation.
Cloud computing might be an ideal solution to these challenges including maintaining Green ICT.