1. Causes of WWII Depression, Fascism, & Aggression

2. Post WWI: European nations building economies w/ U.S. financial aid

3. Unstable New Democracies End of absolute rulers Little experience w/ democracy Too many political parties  Coalition government: temporary alliance of political parties Results  Lack of strong leadership & vision  Desire for strong authoritarian leadership

4. Germany’s Weimar Republic (1919) No democratic experience Too many political parties Received blame for Versailles Treaty

5. Germany’s Money Problems Economists typically define severe inflation as an annual inflation rate of 10% or higher German prices rose 1 trillion % In 1923 $1 U.S. = 4 trillion German marks!

6. Financial Collapse 1929 Stock Market Crash in U.S. leading to Great Depression Starts global depression w/ American investors demanding money from other nations Nations stop importing to protect their own economies making world trade drop

10. The Versailles Treaty

11. A Weak League of Nations

12. The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations y No control of major conflicts. y No progress in disarmament. y No effective military force.

13. Attempts for Peace 1925 Locarno Treaty  France & Germany never again make war  Respects borders of Belgium & France  Joins League of Nations 1928 Kellogg-Briand Peace Pact  Please to not use war as an instrument of national policy  No means to enforce (esp. L of N) MAGINOT LINE

14. The “Stab-In-The-Back” Theory German soldiers are dissatisfied. German soldiers are dissatisfied.

15. Traits of Fascism Loyalty to the state Extreme nationalism Peaceful states doomed to be conquered Authoritarian leader/one party rule Uniforms, salutes, mass rallies

16. Rise of the Nazis (National Socialist German Worker’s Party) Adopt swastika as symbol Brown Shirt militia Hitler becomes der Fuhrer (leader) Hitler tries to seize power in Munich in 1923 but fails and is jailed

17. Hitler’s Ideology Mein Kampf (My Struggle)  Beliefs and goals for Germany  Aryans the master race  Need for lebensraum (living space)

18. Hitler’s Rise to Power 1932 – Nazi party is largest political party 1933 – Hitler becomes chancellor  Banned other political parties  SS (Schutzstaffel or protection squad) created  1934 opponents arrested and murdered  Gestapo (secret police)  Industrializes and rearms Germany

19. Hitler’s Actions Propaganda/Censorship Hitler Youth/League of German Girls Anti-Semitism  1933 Jews deprived of most rights  November 9 th, 1938 Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

20. Nazi Aggression 1935 – Hitler announces Germany would not agree with Versailles Treaty on size of military. L of N issues mild condemnation 1936 – Hitler invades Rhineland  Appeasement continued  Strengthens Hitler’s power in Germany  Balance of power in Europe sides with Germany 1936 – Germany, Italy, Japan form Axis Powers

21. Germany Invades the Rhineland March 7, 1936

22. Hitler’s Continued Aggression 1930s – Appeasement still continues. U.S. remains neutral 1937 – Hitler announces plans to take over Austria & Czechoslovakia to form Third Reich 1938 – Germany annexes Austria 1938 – Hitler annexes Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia

23. Munich Conference 1938 – Britain and France appease Hitler by recognizing his claims in exchange for the promise of no more advancements Six months later Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia and Poland 1939 – Hitler & Stalin sign Non-aggression Pact

24. The “Problem” of the Sudetenland

25. “Peace in our Time”

26. Appeasement: The Munich Agreement, 1938 Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. Now we have “peace in our time!” Herr Hitler is a man we can do business with. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain

27. Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich: 1939

28. Invasion of Poland Failure of Munich Conference Nonaggression Pact: Germany & S.U. Hitler invades Poland  No threat of 2 front war  GB & FR declare war Blitzkrieg (“Lightening War”) Holocaust begins

29. The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

31. Hitler Trivia Adolph Hitler had a half brother named Alois Hitler, he owned a bar in Germany that was frequented by prominent Nazi officials. Alois would never share his opinion on Adolph because he was afraid Adolph would revoke his liquor license! Adolf Hitler had some Jewish heritage in him. His great great grandmother was Jewish who was a maid. Hitler ordered tanks to be made in Michigan and told the company to not worry about sending them to Germany, he'd 'pick them up on his way through Detroit. "Quisling," which is used to describe a traitor, was the name of Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian fascist and supporter of Adolf Hitler, who was appointed Führer of Norway in World War II. Arrested in 1945, Quisling was so despised, Norway broke with their centuries-old policy against capital punishment and executed him.

32. Hitler Trivia Cont… Hitler's 3rd grade report from his teacher remarked that Hitler was...'bad tempered and fancied himself as a leader.‘ Adolf Hitler was fascinated by hands. In his library there was a well- thumbed book containing pictures and drawings of hands belonging to famous people throughout history. He liked particularly to show his guests how closely his own hands resembled those of Frederick the Great, one of his heroes. The NY phone book had 22 Hitlers before WWII. The NY phone book had 0 Hitlers after WWII. Hitler was voted Time Magazines man of the year in 1938 Adolph Hitler kept a framed photograph of Henry Ford on his desk and Ford kept one of Hitler on his desk in Dearborn, Michigan. Hitler had used in 'Mein Kampf' some of Fords anti-semitic views, and he always welcomed Ford's contributions to the Nazi movement.

33. Rise Fascism in Italy – Benito Mussolini (Il Duce) Problems  Lack of territorial gain - resentment of Versailles Treaty  Economic frustration with democratic leadership 1919 Mussolini starts Fascist Party  Blackshirts: Attack communists & socialists to win support 1922 Fascists march on Rome and demand King Victor Emmanuel III to put Mussolini in charge

34. Italian Aggression 1935 – Mussolini invades Ethiopia Emperor Haile Selassie appeals to L of N but no response Britain and France begin policy of appeasement Emperor Haile Selassie

35. Rome-Berlin Axis, 1939 The “Pact of Steel”

36. Spanish Civil War 1931 – Spanish Republic forms led by liberals and socialists (Republicans) 1936 – Army leaders (Nationalists) led by Francisco Franco stage a revolt  Aided by Germany & Italy  Republicans receive little help (Soviet Union, GB, Fr, U.S.) 1939 – Franco becomes Spain’s Fascist dictator

37. Japan’s Growing Military Power Modernized and Militaristic leadership Manchurian Incident:  Occupation of Manchuria from China  Need for raw materials  Puppet state

38. Japanese Militarism 1929 - Military leaders win control 1931 – Japanese army seizes Manchuria 1933 – League of Nations objects and Japan withdraws membership

39. The Manchurian Crisis, 1931

42. War versus China July 1939 full scale war vs. China’s Nationalists & Communist Rape of Nanjing Japan Condemned & British support – Burma Road Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: Asia’s freedom from Europe Allies: Germany, Italy, and Japan