1. Chapter 17

2.  Pennsylvania Steel Mill  Workers protesting 20% wage cut  Pinkerton agents hired to “break” the strike

5.  1876 formed in Texas  Popular in South and Great Plains opened regional affiliates  Helped with grain elevators, mortgages, etc.

6. 1891 Cotton Strike Led by Ben Patterson 15 members lynched, strike was crushed Ended Colored Farmers Alliance

7.  1890- A meeting held in Ocala  Delegates met to outline political and economic issues Reduce tariff End to national banks Regulate railroads Free coinage of silver Income tax Popular election of senators

8. Ocala Demands

9.  Support from Farmers Alliance groups  Support of industrial workers  Election of 1892 over a million votes Strong showing for a third party

10. Causes  Economy had grown rapidly  Railroads overbuilt  Businesses borrowed to much  Farmers to much was bought on credit Boom and Bust economy effected everyone

11.  Stock market crashed  Traded stock for gold  Depleted U.S. gold treasury  People took money from banks 600 banks closed  Businesses failed 1/5 unemployed 15,000 businesses went bankrupt  Drought hit the West

13.  Led by Jacob Coxey 39 year old populist from Ohio  500 men, women, and children  wanted more government jobs, building projects  Coxey was arrested, clubbed, and spent 20 days in jail

14. Pullman company town -model town -homes, attractive and clean -plumbing, gas, sewers, -landscaped -free education until 8 th grade

16.  Had to shop at company store  Rent set by Pullman  Prohibited newspapers, free speech, assembly  Inspectors could enter homes at any time to examine for “cleanliness” Height of depression Wages cut 5 times in one year Rent and food prices remained the same

17.  American Railway Union supports  Refuse to handle Pullman cars  60,000 workers walk out  27 states and territories effected  President Cleveland orders back to work  Halted commerce  12,000 troops sent to put down strike

18. Troops sent in to put down strike

19. Pullman strikers

20.  13 strikers killed  57 wounded  $340,000 in property damage  Chicago eventually annexed town  Eugene Debs sent to jail for 6 months Becomes a Socialist

21.  United Mine Workers  Old workers vs. New  New were often immigrants Immigrants often worked harder for less money

22.  Changed attitudes about poor  Economy changing

23. 1900 Most of world on gold standard The Silverites -U.S. had silver surplus -people thought changing the standard would stimulate the economy

24.  Gold Standard  Advertised  Well-organized campaign  Free trade  Pro-silver  Excellent speaker  Religious overtones in speeches  Wins party nomination over Cleveland REPUBLICAN WILLIAM MCKINLEY DEMOCRAT WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN

25. William Jennings Bryan

26.  Aggressively campaigned 18,000 miles by rail 27 states Gave 30 speeches a day Spoke for rural or “small town” America Had limited money, but great passion

28.  Gold becomes the official standard Silver debate is over.

29.  Economy begins to recover Factories increase production Farmers doing better  Gold Discoveries in Alaska boosts treasury Tariffs are raised- Dingley Tariff -highest protective tariff in history (to that point)

31.  Poor  Little economic progress  Strict laws

33.  Less emphasis on education Fewer school days Many southern states did not have compulsory school attendance laws African American students even less access to education.

34. “Separate but equal”  Supreme court decision will impact African Americans for decades.  Legalized segregation Black schools underfunded and poorly equipped.

35.  Strict segregation  Officially not an equal citizen  Disenfranchisement  Laws passed at the state and local level  Plessy V. Ferguson legitimized

40.  Mob violence  Intimidation  Fear used to control people

41. Italian immigrants lynched in Florida

42.  North Carolina 1906  Five men lynched

43. 1877-1890 6.3 million immigrant to U.S.  many from rural backgrounds  Left old traditions and extended families -many entered through Ellis Island -on West Coast Angel Island

44. 1904- price of passage was $50.00 Prior to leaving -vaccinated -disinfected -physical examinations Trip took 1-2 weeks -upon arrival: medical exam, name recorded, and entry tax

46.  Worked in the States and sent money home  Worked to pay passage of family

47.  Many did not speak English  “Strange customs”  Catholic or non-Protestant Disliked: Italians, Jews, Hungarian, Slavs, Greeks Irish, Chinese  American Protective Association  Anti-Catholic group

48.  Hard working  Congress excluded Chinese from citizenship  Only ethnic group excluded from “American dream”

50.  Former slave  Encouraged blacks not to fight racism  Atlanta Compromise  Earn economic freedom for blacks  Organized the National Black Business League

51.  Skilled labor  Wanted higher wages  Shorter hours  Better working conditions  Used boycotts and strikes Did not oppose monopolies and trusts Did not allow women, blacks, or unskilled

55.  Alcoholism a problem  Anti-Saloon movement Lobbied local, state, and federal government  Eventually successful 1919, Passed 18 th Amendment

58.  Technology improving communication  Industry expanding and exporting Business seeking to globalize  “Wild West” no longer “Wild”

59.  Positive for business  Religious leaders viewed as an opportunity Missionary activities gaining popularity White protestants needed to “civilize” the world

60. Protestant minister White man needed to civilize “inferior” races

61.  Sec. of State  Expansionist  Saw commerce as key to American global success  Tried to by numerous islands/territories

62. 1867 purchases Midway Island strategic location for trade with Asia Alaska “Seward’s folly” or “Seward’s Ice Cube” -bought for $7.2 million -many did see the natural resources

63.  Created to ease tensions in the region  Promote regional trade  Reduce trade barriers  Included all nations except: Columbia Haiti Venezuela

65.  Strategically placed For trade For naval base  Missionaries had been active for years  Sugar Cane Favorable trade with U.S. Lucrative trade

66.  Passed pro-native laws  Americans revolted  U.S. marines stormed ashore  Queen forced to surrender

67.  Senate refuses to sign the treaty  An investigation reveals some problems with invasion  Grover Cleveland restores the Queen  Whites in Hawaii revolt, establish Republic of Hawaii

69.  Eventually recognized by U.S. Annexation happens in 1898 Controversial, but it happens

70.  U.S. navy outdated  Helped create the military industrial complex Joined business, military, and political interests Lobbyists formed to strengthen military  Protect American interests abroad  Arms manufacturing becomes central to U.S. economy 1903 U.S had 3 rd largest navy in the world

71.  Cuba and Puerta Rico Spanish colonies sugar cane poor  Jose Marti 1895 returns from exile wants to launch an independence movement Cuba Libre!

73.  Rebels destroyed railway lines  Destroyed sugar mills  Burned cane fields  Quickly controls half the island Spanish retaliate  Concentration camps  Polluted water  Killed farm animals/destroyed crops

75. WILLIAM RANDOLPH HEARSTJOSEPH PULITZER

76.  Pulitzer and Hearst specialized in this  Helped sway public support of war with Spain

77.  President McKinley negotiates with Spain  Asks for dismissal of Weyler Spanish military reluctant to comply

79.  Publication of De Lome letter Feb. 1898 Indicates that Spain not going to back down “Worst Insult To The United States In Its History”  Explosion rips through the Maine Feb. 15, 1898 260 soldiers die Maine sinks to the bottom of the harbor

82.  March 1898 Congress approves $50 million  McKinley orders Spain to allow Cuba’s independence  April 19, Congress declares a joint resolution and declares Cuba independent.  Prepares to send army and navy to expel Spanish

83.  Teller Amendment Ensured that Cuba would not be annexed by U.S.  1 million men volunteer for service  Lasted 10 weeks

84.  1898 U.S. army had 28,000  Not prepared to outfit million recruits  Not prepared for tropical climate  Food supplies, not refrigerated, rotted 5,462 died in this war 379 died in battle Remainder died from accident, disease, mismanagement

85.  Better prepared  Admiral George Dewey ordered to the Philippines  In Cuba, U.S. navy destroys Spanish armada

86.  April 30, navy enters Manila Bay  Destroy Spanish naval squadron  McKinley then orders ground troops into Philippines

89.  10,000 soldiers enlisted to fight the Spanish  Many trained in the South  Northerners upset by segregation  Tensions often erupted in violence  Proved valuable in battle

94.  San Juan and Kettle Hill  Well fortified  Spanish failed to call reserves  Americans “take the position”

95.  Teddy Roosevelt brought his own reporter  Most of the horses were left in Tampa  76% casualty rate

97.  Americans force Spanish to surrender at Santiago  Cuba granted independence from Spain  Puerto Rico taken without force  Hawaii annexed in 1898  Philippines not so easily dealt with

98.  After Spain was defeated, Philippines hoped for independence  U.S. feared natives were “unable” to rule  Decides to annex the island  U.S. pays $20 million for Philippines

99.  Revolutionary leader  Declares himself president in 1899  U.S. goes to war with Philippines

100.  Guerilla warfare  Americans controlled cities  Rebels controlled countryside  U.S. sends 126,000 soldiers  U.S. uses concentration camps to control countryside  1901 Aguinaldo captured and swears oath of allegiance to U.S.

102.  U.S sent 126,000 troops  Rebels approx. 80,000 troops  U.S. casualties 4,380 dead 3,100 wounded  Philippine casualties 16,000 soldiers dead 250,000-1 million civilians dead Famine, disease, war related

103.  William H. Taft sent to help set up a government  Built schools  Roads, bridges  Sanitation  Health care

104.  Foraker Act- established civil government in Puerto Rico  Platt Amendment  Cuba could self-govern  Could not make treaties with other powers  U.S. leased Guantanamo Bay  Allow U.S. intervention when necessary

105.  Studied tropical diseases  Identified how Yellow Fever was transmitted  Helped build public health policies

107.  Sec. of State John Hay wrote a policy urging that China remain “open” to trade  Chinese “Boxers” wanted foreigners out  8 nations sent fighters to put down rebellion China subdued, Europe and U.S. maintained trade United States now an international “player”