1. Essential Questions What are the major groups of minerals? How is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron illustrated? How are minerals used? Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals

2. Review chemical bond New silicate tetrahedron ore gem Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Vocabulary Types of Minerals

3. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Mineral Groups In order to study the many minerals on Earth and understand their properties, geologists have classified them into groups. Each group has a distinct chemical nature and specific characteristics.

4. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Mineral Groups Silicates Minerals that contain silicon and oxygen, and usually one or more other elements, are known as silicates. Silicates make up approximately 96 percent of the minerals present in Earth’s crust. The basic building block of the silicates is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. A tetrahedron (plural, tetrahedra) is a three-dimensional shape that resembles a pyramid.

5. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Mineral Groups Silicates Because silicon atoms have four valence electrons, they can bond with four oxygen atoms.

6. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Mineral Groups Silicates Individual tetrahedron atoms are strong and can bond together to form sheets, chains, and complex three-dimensional structures. The bonds between the atoms help determine several mineral properties, including cleavage or fracture.

7. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Visualizing the Silicon-Oxygen Tetrahedron

8. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Mineral Groups Carbonates Carbonates are minerals composed of one or more metallic elements and the carbonate ion CO 3 2–. Oxides Oxides are compounds of oxygen and a metal, such as hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ).

9. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Mineral Groups Other groups Sulfides are compounds of sulfur and one or more elements, such as pyrite (FeS 2 ). Sulfates are compounds of elements with the sulfate ion (SO 4 2– ), such as anhydrite (CaSO 4 ).

10. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Mineral Groups Other groups Halides are made up of chloride or fluoride along with calcium, sodium, or potassium, such as halite (NaCl). Native elements are made up of one element only, such as silver (Ag).

11. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Economic Minerals Minerals are used to make computers, cars, televisions, desks, roads, buildings, jewelry, beds, paints, sports equipment, medicines, and many other things.

12. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Economic Minerals Ores A mineral is an ore if it contains a useful substance that can be mined at a profit. The classification of a mineral as an ore can change if the supply of or demand for that mineral changes.

13. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Economic Minerals Ores Ores that are located deep within Earth’s crust are removed by underground mining. Those near Earth’s surface are obtained from large, open-pit mines. The removal of unwanted rock and dirt from mining can be expensive and harmful to the environment.

14. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Types of Minerals Economic Minerals Gems Gems are valuable minerals that are prized for their rarity and beauty. Gems such as rubies, emeralds, and diamonds are cut, polished, and used for jewelry.

15. Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education Review Essential Questions What are the major groups of minerals? How is the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron illustrated? How are minerals used? Vocabulary silicate tetrahedron ore gem Types of Minerals