1. Linking REDD (Reduction Emission from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) to Tenure Issues Gamma Galudra and Ujjwal Pradhan World Agroforestry Centre

2. Global Climate Change has become one of the top priorities on the global agenda

3. UNFCCC & Kyoto Protocol UNFCCC: Convention on Climate Change Kyoto: Reducing emission by industrial countries (“Annex 1” Europe, Japan, New Zealand, Canada) –Commitment: reducing emisson by 5 % until 2012 (compared to 1990) –CDM in Non-Annex 1 countries (developing countries) Annex I Non-Annex I Not ratified

4. Reducing Emission Program (carbon offset projects); e.g. CDM Project in developing countries (“Non-Annex 1”) can reduce emission and sell carbon credit to Annex 1 countries Avoided deforestation is not included in CDM Emission target / cap Actual emissions Buyer ( Annex 1 country / Company) Carbon Credits Carbon finance ($) Seller ( Project in Non-Annex 1 country) A CDM project reduces emissions

5. What is REDD ? REDD is an international mechanism that aim to bring incentive for developing countries which successfully reducing emission from deforestation and forest degradation In June 2009 at Bonn, it has been agreed to expand scope of REDD activities to REDD+ REDD+ include –Emission reduction from deforestation and forest degradation –The role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

6.  Time Emission outside REDD+ C-stocks t/ha Fairness: conservation cost Market efficiency: real impact Depend on definition Forest Conservation Production Conversion

7. ‘Nested Baseline’ CO 2 benefits: reducing emis- sions that are due to:  Planned change  Legitimate local actions  ‘Illegal’ activities CO-benefits: Sustainable livelihood op- tions for the longer term, enhancing buffering of water flows and conser- vation of biodiversity Actual emissions (or chan- ges in stock) in relation to Reference Emission Level Additionality: difference with ‘business as usual’ development pathway Leakage: effects on emissions elsewhere Permanence: effects on future emissions (~ insu- rance & spreading risk) certification Registry and ‘rights to in- vest’, attribution Sale and use as off-sets Local actors (incl private sector, NGO’s, CBO’s) Dis- trist & provin- ce govt Natio- nal Interna- tional Independent verification Rules of the game, eligibility of types of emission reduction Transac- tion costs rights to land use Fairness & effi- ciency

8. What is the connection of REDD to tenure issue? Carbon market have brought issues on ‘rights’ Key issues in the REDD debate are: 1.Who has or can claim to ‘sell carbon’? 2.Who has or can claim the right to receive payments for avoided damage? These issues demand clarity on resolving land tenure and forest management rights and stakeholder rights

9. Current Problems on Tenure System (1) Unsolved problems on forest management & ownership (due to decentralization) ‘who rules the land’ impacted on unclear ‘carbon rights’ (Governance issue) –Many institutions could allocate ‘rights’ and ‘access’, creating overlapping use of land such as in Ex-Mega Rice Area. Customary forest is not recognized as an independent entity, part of state forest –The ‘1960 Agrarian Law’ acknowledge the existing customary rights, but uncertain how to put it in the land law. Claims from NGOs: carbon contract can limit the access of these people to forest (fines and fences approaches)

10. Current Problems on Tenure System (2) Unclear resolution for vertical land conflicts –Migrants to areas with established communities and land tenure system, leading to conflict and misunderstandings over the rules of access to land & exposure to local entrepreneurs who sell non-legitimate claims on land Forest policies and regulations interpreted ‘carbon rights’ based on the benefits ‘business as usual’ (empowering status quo but no benefits for local stakeholders) A number of legal issues of ownership and rights need to be resolved before one can fully participate in the segment of international market for certified carbon emission reduction Uncertain on how to balance ‘fairness’ and ‘efficiency’

11. Current Problems on Tenure System (3) A number of legal issues of ownership and rights need to be resolved before one can fully participate in the segment of international market for certified carbon emission reduction –Customary rights had not yet been recognized within the ‘national land law’; various stages of government policy and program have left a trail of stakeholders with claims of ‘rights’, without the resolution of previous contestation over rights. Uncertain on how to balance ‘fairness’ and ‘efficiency’ –Government could not decide which stakeholders could obtain benefits; fairness (the people who protect ‘carbon’) or efficiency (the people who are the ‘emitter’)

12. Recommendation for REDD schemes based on Tenure Situation Shape REDD schemes to contribute to improved and clarified forest governance REDD policies and actions must settle overlapping rights and recognize rights. This will include strengthen customary rights. Ensure carbon rights are effectively established in national regulations. Develop effective arrangement to channel benefits to local level