1. Analyzing Jobs in the Tourism Sector Describing, analyzing and classifying jobs Job titles in tourism – a group of positions identical with respect to their significant tasks Involves analyzing the work performed, duties and tasks Task inventories for tourism jobs

2. Nesting Terminology Occupation (class of job) Job (group of positions) Position (tasks and duties) Duty (large segment of work) Task (discrete unit of work) Competency (knowledge and skill) Competency standard (specification)

3. Job Structure/Job Trees Food and Beverage Manager Restaurant Manager Head Waiter Restaurant Captain WaiterHostessF&B Cashier Bar Tender

4. Jobs in the Tourism Sector: Occupational Divisions

5. Jobs in the Tourism Sector: Occupational Divisions? Concepts and statistics are immature Based on Standard Industrial Classification categories (SIC) For example the UK occupational divisions: hotels and other tourist accommodation Restaurants, cafes and snack bars Public houses, bars, night clubs/licensed clubs Travel agencies and tour operators Libraries, museums and other cultural activities Sports and other recreational activities Self employed?

6. The ISIC Approach to Occupational Divisions International Standard Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC): HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS –Hotels, camp sites and short stay accommodation –Restaurants, bars and canteens TRANSPORT, STORAGE AND COMUNICATIONS –Land transport –Water transport –Air transport –Activities of travel agencies and tour operators

7. The ISIC Approach International Standard Classification of all Economic Activities (ISIC): RECREATIONAL, CULTURAL AND SPORTING ACTIVITIES Entertainment (museums etc, sporting and other recreational activities)

8. Occupational Divisions in Tourism Satellite Accounts Hotels, campsites and other short stay accommodation Restaurants, bars and canteens Travel agents/packagers Retail trade Passenger transport Cultural, attractions and entertainment Sports facility operators

9. Jobs in the Tourism Sector: Job Titles

10. European Vocational Training Approach to Job Profiles Hotel Sector General manager large hotel (190 rooms+) General manager medium hotel (45-190 rooms) General manager small hotel (less than 45 rooms) Front office manager Receptionist Head housekeeper Room attendant

11. Europe Job Profiles continued Catering Sector Food and beverage manager Head chef Restaurant manager Head bar person Chef Bar person Waiter/waitress

12. Europe Job Profiles continued Tours and Agencies Sector General manager (tour operation) Technical manager (tour operation) Marketing product manager (tour operation) Reservations supervisor (tour operation) Resort representative Agency manager (retail) Agency counter clerk (retail)

13. South Asian Study Job Profiles Tours and Agencies Sector Travel agency assistant Travel agency reservation clerk Travel agency counter clerk Travel agency operations assistant Tour operations assistant Tour operations representative Tour operations clerk Tour operations assistant organizer

14. South Asian Study continued Hotel Sector Front desk clerk Receptionist Room attendant Room maid House maid

15. South Asian Study continued Catering Sector Waiter/waitress Assistant waiter/waitress Commis waiter/waitress Assistant cook Commis cook Assistant pastry cook Commis pastry cook Baker’s assistant Assistant baker

16. Association of British Travel Agents Study Approach: Tour Operation New entrant Junior ticketing clerk Reservations clerk Ticketing clerk Resort representative Courier Guide Reservations supervisor Ticketing supervisor Contracts officer Senior resort representative Reservation manager Ticketing manager Contracts manager Resort manager Operations manager

17. Association of British Travel Agents Study Approach: Tour Operation Travel Agency New entrant Junior travel clerk Travel consultant Senior travel consultant Supervisor Assistant branch manger Manager Branch manager Business Travel Travel consultant Senior travel consultant Travel executive Assistant manager Manager Branch manager

18. Jobs in the Tourism Sector: Competencies, Standards and Certification

19. The Australian Approach Internationally competitive workforce Australian National Training Authority (ANTA) Built around Training Packages which specify the competencies Industry led Nationally coordinated National Training Framework

20. Tourism Training Australia (TTA) Leading national industry training advisory association Established 1982 to create an integrated flexible and effective training system for tourism and hospitality

21. TTA Training Packages Nationally endorsed competency standards and qualifications for recognizing and assessing people’s skills Training package describes the skills and knowledge needed to reform effectively in the workplace Widespread consultation with the tourism and hospitality sector Available for all jobs in the sector

22. National Qualification Framework (NQF) The NQF reflects all jobs on the sector Six levels –Certificate I to IV –Diploma –Advanced diploma Each qualification has a core and a series of electives

23. Career PathQualification Manager (department/SME)Advanced diploma Unit manager (restaurant)Diploma SupervisorCertificate IV Team leaderCertificate III Multi function (F&B attendant)Certificate II Single function (room attendant)Certificate I

24. Tourism Training Australia Competency Standards Specific knowledge and skills required for successful performance Organized into units with a code and title Each covers common competencies (e.g. communication) and sector specific competencies in –Hospitality –Tourism –Caravans

25. Tourism and Hospitality Competencies Hospitality Common core Hospitality core Functional areas General units Tourism Common core Tourism core Functional areas General units

26. The ASEAN Approach The 11 th meeting of the ASEAN taskforce on tourism manpower tabled a set of minimum competency standards within a qualifications framework. –Retail and wholesale travel; –Housekeeping; –Front office; and –Food and beverage service

27. ASEAN Job Framework: For Example - Housekeeping Houseman Laundry attendant Room attendant Order taker Supervisor Assistant executive housekeeper Executive housekeeper

28. Retail/ Wholesale Competency Standard (example from Indonesia)