1. The smell of Revolution is in the Air

2. Causes of the American Revolution Learning Target: To identify and discuss how various events which occurred between England and the colonies lead to the Revolutionary War

4. Causes of the American Revolution Things to remember which you have already learned! –Enlightenment –Great Awakening –Seven Years’ War (French and Indian War) –Pontiac’s Rebellion Proclamation of 1763 –Albany Plan of Union of 1754

5. French & Indian War The French & Indian War A) exerted economic pressure on France, but not Great Britain B) brought recognition to George Washington both in the colonies and Great Britain for his courageous role in a bloody battle C) eliminated tensions between settlers and Indians in the Ohio River Valley D) brought in a number of mercenary Hessian soldiers to aid the British E) resulted in France acquiring a great deal of territory in North America Answer: B) brought recognition to George Washington both in the colonies and Great Britain for his courageous role in a bloody battle Explanation: Washington, though at one point forced to surrender in action against the French, gained fame for his leadership following the death of General Braddock at the battle of Monongahela in 1755. The French & Indian War brought economic pressure to both France and Great Britain, leading Britain to demand more tax revenues from the American colonies. Tensions between settlers and Indians continued during and after the war.

6. Sources of Revolutionary Ideology One important ideological source of colonial resistance to British authority in the period leading up to the Revolutionary War was A) the writings of King George III B) Richard Hakluyt's accounts of visitors to the New World C) Great Awakening preaching D) the Council of Trent E) John Jacques Rousseau's novel Emile Answer: C) Great Awakening preaching Explanation: The emphasis on individual responsibility for one's moral behavior and the challenge to the religious authority and orthodoxy in the Great Awakening were important sources of anti-authority sentiments that arose with the new British imperial policies that developed in the decades leading up to the Revolutionary War.

7. Imperial Attitudes An elaborate political cartoon mocking the "death" of the Stamp Act Which of the following best characterizes the British political leadership in relation to the American colonies following the French & Indian War? A) a reluctance to defend mercantilist policies B) a willingness to seek common ground with colonists expressing dissatisfaction C) a recognition that strong economic growth in the colonies made the British Empire stronger as a whole D) misunderstanding and a general lack of knowledge of conditions and attitudes prevalent in the colonies E) creativity and flexibility in governance Answer: D) misunderstanding and a general lack of knowledge of conditions and attitudes prevalent in the colonies Explanation: Following the French & Indian War, British political leaders sought sources of revenue and turned to the colonies, which had enjoyed lax enforcement of mercantilist policies and a relatively free trade environment. As new laws such as the Sugar Act and Stamp Act were enforced, colonists complained and resisted, sometimes with violence. Rather than seeking compromise, British authorities continued to increase pressure, causing even more tension.

8. King George III assumes the throne in 1760

9. Age of Revolution End of Seven Years’ War –How to defend the colonies and pay off the Enormous Debt? Proclamation Act of 1763 Question of who will pay? (150 mill pounds) –Taxes –Molasses Act, Sugar Act, Revenue Act, Currency Act, and Stamp Act

10. Sugar Act The Sugar Act proved quite unpopular in the colonies Which of the following statements about the 1764 Sugar Act are accurate? I. It actually reduced the tax on molasses. II. It hindered colonial trade, particularly with the French West Indies. III. Its passage followed the imposition of the Stamp Act. IV. Colonists had mostly evaded the previous taxes set under the Molasses Act. A) I, II, and IV only B) II, III, and IV only C) I and II only D) I, II, and III only E) all of the statements are accurate Answer: A) I, II, and IV only Explanation: The Sugar Act, along with the Currency Act, helped set the stage for the protest that erupted following the passage of the Stamp Act. While reducing the tax on molasses from six to three pence but stepping up enforcement, Chancellor of the Exchequer Lord Grenville attempted to exert greater control over colonial trade and limit trade with non-British suppliers of molasses. The colonial rum industry suffered immediate economic hardship.

11. Stamp Act's Impact The Stamp Act led to significant protests in several colonies "Never did the British Parliament, [until the Stamp Act], think of imposing duties in American for the purpose of raising a revenue.... This I call an innovation, and a most dangerous innovation." This quote is from which of the following documents? A) Thomas Paine's Common Sense B) Thomas Jefferson's A Summary View of the Rights of British America C) John Dickinson's Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer D) Patrick Henry's 1775 speech to the House of Burgesses E) Richard Henry Lee's Westmoreland Resolution Answer: C) John Dickinson's Letter from a Pennsylvania Farmer Explanation: Dickinson logically and carefully explained why the Stamp Act and the Townshend Duties expanded the power of Parliament in a way that threatened the freedom of the colonists. While he acknowledged the right of Parliament to rule the British Empire, he contended that taxing the colonies to raise revenue rather than to control trade should not take place.

12. Age of Revolution Taxation but what about Representation? –Remember the Albany Plan? –Parliament Virtual Representation Rights of Englishmen –Colonist No Taxation without Representation

13. Age of Revolution Were Not Going to Take It (Kinda!) Stamp Act Congress –Sons of Liberty –Elm Tree & Liberty Pole –boycott

14. Protesting the New Imperial Policies The first British internal revenue tax in the American colonies, the Stamp Act, resulted in protests and boycotts (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons--public domain) "No free people ever existed, or can ever exist, without keeping, to use a common, but strong expression, “the purse strings,” in their own hands. Where this is the case, they have a constitutional check upon the administration, which may thereby be brought into order without violence: But where such a power is not lodged in the people, oppression proceeds uncontrolled in its career, till the governed, transported into rage, seek redress in the midst of blood and confusion...Never did the British Parliament, till the period abovementioned [Stamp Act], think of imposing duties in American for the purpose of raising a revenue.... This I call an innovation, and a most dangerous innovation." The persuasive arguments below were written by (A) Thomas Paine in Common Sense in 1776 (B) John Dickinson in Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1767 (C) Thomas Jefferson in the Declaration of Independence in 1776 (D) Benjamin Franklin in Poor Richard's Almanac in 1769 (E) George Mason in the Fairfax Resolves in 1774 Answer: (B) John Dickinson in Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania in 1767 Explanation: Dickinson's Letters logically and persuasively argued that Parliament did not have the right to tax the colonists internally without their consent. His argument aided those protesting the Stamp Act and the subsequent Townshend Duties, both of which helped unite those seeking independence for the American colonies.

15. Committees of Correspondence Purpose  warn neighboring colonies about incidents with Britain  encouraged opposition to the Sugar and Currency Acts  broaden the resistance movement exchanging ideas and information within the colonies  encouraged opposition to the Sugar and Currency Acts  broaden the resistance movement exchanging ideas and information within the colonies

16. Age of Revolution British Response –Writs of assistance (already, smuggling) –Repealed the Stamp Act but –Declaratory Act- “Parliament could pass laws… in all cases whatever.” Don’t questions us! (sound like your parents?)

17. Age of Revolution Townshend Taxes –Charles Townshend More Taxes, consumer goods –Pay customs commissioners, governors, judges and suppress smuggling –Colonist--Nonimportation

18. Age of Revolution Boston Massacre –Homework assignment, compare two pieces of art work showing the Boston Massacre –Also with a partner, you will write two different newspaper articles reporting on the Boston Massacre. One partner will write an article which would appear in a Boston Newspaper The other partner will write an article which would appear in a London newspaper.

19. Age of Revolution Paul Revere John Bufford

20. Age of Revolution Importance of Boston Massacre –March 5, 1770 –Five people killed Crispus Attucks

21. The Gaspee Incident (1772) Providence, RI coast

22. United States History Question of the Day American colonists burned the Gaspee in 1772 to protest British trade policies Which of the following would be the most likely argument made by an American colonist for opposing Parliament's taxation in the year 1770? (A) "the overall tax rates are higher here in the colonies than in England" (B) "Parliament does not have the authority to levy an internal tax on us as colonists" (C) "British subjects should not pay taxes of any kind" (D) "the money raised by taxing the colonies will be spent elsewhere in the British Empire" (E) "only the Continental Congress should have the power to administer any form of taxes" Answer: (B) "Parliament does not have the authority to levy an internal tax on us as colonists" Explanation: The argument that taxation should not be assessed on the colonists because they were not actually represented in Parliament proved persuasive to many colonists. The tax rate for American colonists was actually lower than the residents of England. The colonists understood the need for taxation to pay for services, but the shift in imperial policy in 1763 worried many. It's important to remember that many colonists did not want to separate from Great Britain, but wanted policies in place that respected them as British subjects.

23. Age of Revolution Tea Act –East India Company (bankrupt) –Government to the rescue

24. Tea Act (1773) 8 British East India Co.:  Monopoly on Br. tea imports.  Many members of Parl. held shares.  Permitted the Co. to sell tea directly to cols. without col. middlemen (cheaper tea!) 8 Lord North expected the cols. to eagerly choose the cheaper tea.

25. Boston Tea Party (1773)

26. The availability of cheap English tea led to a major confrontation in Boston Results of the Boston Tea Party All but which of the following resulted from a group of colonists dumping tea into Boston Harbor in 1773? (A) Massachusetts town meetings were strictly restricted (B) the event was immediately referred to in Great Britain and the colonies as the Boston Tea Party (C) a call for a Continental Congress attracted representatives from 12 of the 13 colonies to a meeting in Philadelphia (D) a boycott throughout the colonies halted virtually all trade with Great Britain (E) British soldiers gained immunity from local trials for acts committed during civil unrest Answer: (D) a boycott throughout the colonies halted virtually all trade with Great Britain Explanation: The Coercive (or as they were called in Boston, "Intolerable") Acts in response to the Boston Tea Party harshly punished Boston for the destruction of British East India tea. The port of Boston was closed to shipping, town meetings were restricted, British soldiers gained immunity from local prosecution, and the colony's charter was rewritten to increase the governor's power. Angry Bostonians responded by calling for a boycott throughout the colonies which proved unsuccessful. But they also called for a meeting in Philadelphia to discuss the situation. This meeting, the First Continental Congress of 1774, helped unify those calling for separation from Britain. The event was not referred to as the Boston Tea Party until the mid-19th century. Before then, some writers were embarrassed by the destruction of property and it was rarely included in early histories of the Revolutionary War.

27. Tar and Feathering 1774

28. Age of Revolution England Responds –Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts) Boston Port Bill-Closed port, pay for the tea Massachusetts Government Act -Curtailed town meetings Quartering Act Administration of Justice Act At the same time (fueled the fire) The Quebec Act

29. The Quebec Act (1774)

30. First Continental Congress (1774) 55 delegates from 12 colonies Agenda  How to respond to the Coercive Acts & the Quebec Act? 1 vote per colony represented.

31. Age of Revolution Continental Congress 1774 –Try and est. dual government assemblies –Declaration of Resolves (Appeal to King) Let’s look at one Patriot –Patrick Henry- “Give me Liberty or Give me Death!”

32. Initial Revolutionary War Fighting Doolittle hand-colored engraving of opening battles of Revolutionary War, 1775 (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons--public domain) Explanation: Some historians feel that Paul Revere instructed that two lanterns be lit in the Old North Church spire, indicating the British would approach Lexington and Concord by boats across the Charles River. Revere, along with William Dawes and Samuel Prescott, did warn colonists of the approach, though Revere was captured before reaching Concord. After briefly engaging colonists in an exchange of fire at both Lexington and at Concord, the British troops retreated to Boston, suffering 273 casualties. Governor Hutchinson's house was burned down, but that was in 1765 in protest of the Stamp Act. Over a year before the Declaration of Independence was signed, fighting broke out between colonists and British regulars in Massachusetts Bay Colony when (A) Paul Revere warned the British that the residents of Lexington and Concord were ready to fight (B) one lantern was hung in the Old North Church with one light, indicating the British were coming to attack by land (C) armed colonists met the approaching British soldiers at Lexington and exchanged fire, resulting in the deaths of eight colonists (D) the British established a garrison in Concord because of active resistance in the area (E) a mob burned down Governor Hutchinson's house in Boston Answer: (C) armed colonists met the approaching British soldiers at Lexington and exchanged fire, resulting in the deaths of eight colonists

33. The British Are Coming... Paul Revere & William Dawes make their midnight ride to warn the Minutemen of approaching British soldiers.

34. In 1774 and the Spring of 1775 Paul Revere was employed by the Boston Committee of Correspondence and the Massachusetts Committee of Safety as an express rider to carry news, messages, and copies of resolutions as far away as New York and Philadelphia. On the evening of April 18, 1775, Paul Revere was sent for by Dr. Joseph Warren and instructed to ride to Lexington, Massachusetts, to warn Samuel Adams and John Hancock that British troops were marching to arrest them. After being rowed across the Charles River to Charlestown by two associates, Paul Revere borrowed a horse from his friend Deacon John Larkin. While in Charlestown, he verified that the local "Sons of Liberty" committee had seen his pre-arranged signals. (Two lanterns had been hung briefly in the bell-tower of Christ Church in Boston, indicating that troops would row "by sea" across the Charles River to Cambridge, rather than marching "by land" out Boston Neck. Revere had arranged for these signals the previous weekend, as he was afraid that he might be prevented from leaving Boston). On the way to Lexington, Revere "alarmed" the country-side, stopping at each house, and arrived in Lexington about midnight. As he approached the house where Adams and Hancock were staying, a sentry asked that he not make so much noise. "Noise!" cried Revere, "You'll have noise enough before long. The regulars are coming out!" After delivering his message, Revere was joined by a second rider, William Dawes, who had been sent on the same errand by a different route. Deciding on their own to continue on to Concord, Massachusetts, where weapons and supplies were hidden, Revere and Dawes were joined by a third rider, Dr. Samuel Prescott. Soon after, all three were arrested by a British patrol. Prescott escaped almost immediately, and Dawes soon after. Revere was held for some time and then released. Left without a horse, Revere returned to Lexington in time to witness part of the battle on the Lexington Green.

35. The Shot Heard ’Round the World! Lexington & Concord – April 18,1775

36. The Second Continental Congress (1775) Olive Branch Petition

37. Thomas Paine: Common Sense

38. Common Sense by Thomas Paine (Image Source: Wikimedia Commons- -public domain) Thomas Paine's Common Sense (A) was written in a dry and legalistic style (B) avoided criticizing the British monarchy in arguing for independence (C) directly called for independence from Great Britain (D) cautiously presented a balanced approach to the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain (E) was issued following the Declaration of Independence and echoed several of Thomas Jefferson's arguments Answer: (C) directly called for independence from Great Britain Explanation: Common Sense was published in 25 editions in 1776 alone, making it the single most read document produced in the colonies. In a clear, accessible style, it spelled out why America should be free of British rule. Its strong arguments for independence preceded the Declaration of Independence by six months.

39. Common Sense What is the main theme of this passage from Thomas Paine's Common Sense? I have heard it asserted by some, that as America hath flourished under her former connection with Great Britain, that the same connection is necessary towards her future happiness, and will always have the same effect. Nothing can be more fallacious than this kind of argument. We may as well assert, that because a child has thrived upon milk, that it is never to have meat; or that the first twenty years of our lives is to become a precedent for the next twenty. But even this is admitting more than is true, for I answer roundly, that America would have flourished as much, and probably much more, had no European power had any thing to do with her. A) a continent should not be ruled by an island B) King George III is a tyrant C) the American colonies are an asylum for mankind D) monarchical government is incompatible with democracy E) while the colonies may have benefited from British control at one time, that time has past Answer: E) while the colonies may have benefited from British control at one time, that time has past Explanation: When Common Sense was published in 1776, it helped those urging separation from Britain by presenting a number of arguments. Paine logically described the reasons why the American colonies would be better off if they were free from British control.

40. Declaration of Independence (1776)

41. Declaration of Independence

42. Independence Hall

43. Which of the following is not a phrase from the Declaration of Independence? (A) "We the people of the United States" (B) "these colonies are and of right ought to be free and independent states" (C) "when in the course of human events" (D) "all men are created equal" (E) "endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" Answer: (A) "We the people of the United States" Explanation: "We the people..." are the opening words of the preamble to the U.S. Constitution which was proposed by the 1787 Constitutional Convention. Many individuals confuse the two documents. Most recently, Republican presidential candidate Herman Cain said "We don’t need to rewrite the Constitution of the United States of America, we need to reread the Constitution and enforce the Constitution,” Cain said. “And I know that there are some people that are not going to do that, so for the benefit of those that are not going to read it because they don’t want us to go by the Constitution, there’s a little section in there that talks about life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness...Because that’s when it says when any form of government becomes destructive of those ideals, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it,” he added. The phrases in bold are both part of the Declaration.

44. Revolutionary Ideas The Second Continental Congress, 1776 Which of the following statements is not part of the Declaration of Independence? A) "these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States" B) "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal" C) "Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath been hunted round the globe" D) "That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it" E) "He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people" Answer: C) "Every spot of the old world is overrun with oppression. Freedom hath

45. New National Symbols