1. Chapter 23: An Era of Social Change Section 1: Latinos and Native Americans Seek Equality

2. California Academic Standards: 11. 6. 5, 11. 8. 2, 11. 8. 6, 11. 10
11.6 Students analyze the different explanations for the Great Depression and how the New Deal fundamentally changed the role of the federal government.
.5 Trace the advances and retreats of organized labor, from the creation of the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations to current issues of a postindustrial, multinational economy, including the United Farm Workers in California.
11.8 Students analyze the economic boom and social transformation of post-World War II America.
.2 Describe the significance of Mexican immigration and its relationship to the agricultural economy, especially in California.
.6 Discuss the diverse environmental regions of North America, their relationship to local economies, and the origins and prospects of environmental problems in those regions.
11.10 Students analyze the development of federal civil rights and voting rights.
.5 Discuss the diffusion of the civil rights movement of African Americans from the churches of the rural South and the urban North, including the resistance to racial desegregation in Little Rock and Birmingham, and how the advances influenced the agendas, strategies, and effectiveness of the quests of American Indians, Asian Americans, and Hispanic Americans for civil rights and equal opportunities.
11.11 Students analyze the major social problems and domestic policy issues in contemporary American society.
.1 Discuss the reasons for the nation's changing immigration policy, with emphasis on how the Immigration Act of 1965 and successor acts have transformed American society.
.7 Explain how the federal, state, and local governments have responded to demographic and social changes such as population shifts to the suburbs, racial concentrations in the cities, Frostbelt-to-Sunbelt migration, international migration, decline of family farms, increases in out-of-wedlock births, and drug abuse.

3. Objectives:
Following lecture and reading of this section, students will be able to:
Describe the growth and diversity of the Latino population during the 1960s
Summarize the efforts of Latinos to secure their civil rights
Characterize the efforts of Native Americans to secure a number of reforms

4. Overview:
During the 1960s, Latinos and Native Americans fought for equal rights and economic justice.
The Latino Presence Grows
Native Americans are not one of the groups that make up America's Latino population.
During the 1960s, the Latino population in the United States tripled from 3 million to 9 million.

5. Some Mexicans migrated here in 1910 after the Mexican Revolution, while others stayed in the area ceded by Mexico to the United States in 1848, some came as braceros in the 40s and 50s.
About 600,000 Puerto Ricans have settled in NY City, but lack necessary skills and education to find work and get ahead.
Hundreds of Thousands of Cuban fled to the U.S. when Fidel Castro took power in Cuba, overthrowing Fulgencio Batista, in 1959.

6. Many Latinos encounter ethnic prejudice. Latinos fight for Change
Others fled to the U.S. from their countries trying to escape civil war and poverty.
Many Latinos encounter ethnic prejudice.
Latinos fight for Change
Led by Cesar Chavez, Mexican-American farm workers unionize.
An early triumph for the United Farm Workers was the successful boycott of all California-grown grapes.

7. The event that was most responsible for Chavez's group gaining negotiating power as a recognized union was a national boycott.
Cesar Chavez used nonviolent means to organize Mexican-American farm workers and meet his goals.
Cesar Chavez helped to gain recognition for his cause with a 3 week 35 lbs. fast in 1968.

8. Latino “Brown Power” movements promote ethnic pride.
In 1970 higher wages and benefits are placed in the contracts of farm workers.
Latino “Brown Power” movements promote ethnic pride.
Latino groups were successful in getting the U.S. Congress to pass a law providing for bilingual education in 1968.
School walkouts were organized to call attention to class size, administration and teacher numbers, and Latino dropout rates.

9. Latinos begin organizing politically
MAPA (Mexican American Political Association) was an organization that was formed for the purpose of pursuing political representation
MAPA sponsored candidates and registered voters
The first Mexican American to be elected to Congress won his seat in the early 1960s, Henry Gonzalez from TX was).

10. Native Americans Struggle for Equality
La Raza Unida was formed in 1970 as a political party (The United People Party) and focused its efforts on electing Latinos to public office.
Native Americans Struggle for Equality
In the 1960s, Native Americans seek more control over their lives.
The group with the highest unemployment rate and lowest life expectancy is Native Americans

11. The 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose called for an end to the termination program.
Termination policy was an attempt to mainstream Native Americans into “normal society.”
In the 1961 Declaration of Indian Purpose, Native American groups focused on the right to self-determination.

12. Declaration of Indian Purpose called for self-determination and economic opportunity on reservations.
The American Indian Movement brings a new spirit of militancy to the struggle for equality.
AIM confronts the government-sometimes violently- to seek greater reforms for Native Americans.

13. In 1969 Indians of All Tribes seized Alcatraz Island for 18 months, claiming discovery and offered to pay $24 in beads, the same price paid in 1626 by the Dutch to acquire Manhattan Island.
In the 1970s, the American Indian Movement organized all of the following: occupation of the Bureau of Indian Affairs; occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota; Trail of Broken Treaties march on Washington.

14. The demonstrations organized by the American Indian Movement were designed to actively confront the federal government.
The Indian Education Act gave greater control over the education of Native Americans to Native American tribes.

15. Native Americans win both legislative and legal battles gaining portions of their land back that were taken illegally.
This era also witnessed a wave of activism by another oppressed group: women.