1. Kola Science Centre Russian Academy of Sciences
STRATEGY OF ELECTRIC-PULSE INSTALLATION DEVELOPMENT FOR ELECTRICAL DISINTEGRATION OF MATERIALS
Anatoly USOV, Alexander POTOKIN

2. The authors of the report
Anatoly F. Usov Diplomas and Titles M.Sc. (Energy) - Tomsk Polytechnical University, Dept. of Energy 1966 Ph.D. (Electrophysics) - Tomsk Polytechnical University, Dept. of High Voltage Technics 1972 The senior research assistant - The USSR High Qualification Commission Present position: 1975 – Head of Dept. Science Planning & Information services at the Kola Science Centre of RAS, Apatity, Murmansk Region, Russia Publications: Author of more then 200 papers, 11 patents Awards: Yablotchkov Prize from the Russian Academy of Sciences (2003) Research Interests: Scientific researches and development on electric pulse destruction of geomaterials in mining, engineering construction, for processing mineral raw material and technical materials.
Aleksander S. Potokin
Diplomas and Titles
Engineer of Radiophysics and Electronics - Petrozavodsk State University 2010
P.G. of the Kola Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences 2010
Research Interests:
Engineering and electric technology high voltages: new methods of destruction of rocks and ores, including aspects of energy and resources and ecologization processes of extraction and mineral processing, its complex use, recycling, construction industry and electrical industry.

3. KOLA SCIENCE CENTRE OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
RESEARCH INSTITUTES and CENTRES - 11
Geological Institute
Mining Institute
Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Rare Elements and Mineral Raw Materials
Institute of North Industrial Ecology Problems
Murmansk Marine Biological Institute
Polar Alpine Botanical Garden - Institute
Institute of Economic Problems
Polar Geophysical Institute
Institute of Informatics and Mathematical Modelling of Technological Processes
Center of Physical and Technical Problems of the Northern Energetics
Barents Centre for the Humanities
Total staff – 1500, Researches – 600, Dr.Sci., Ph.D

4. ACADEMIC CAMPUS IS A CORE OF APATITY CITY
П Г И
ИХТРЭМС
ПАБСИ
ГОИ
Геологический
институт
Геологический
институт

5. KSC as key actor in high education sector of Apatity
Institute of Economy and Management
Kola branch Petrozavodsk University
Apatity division Murmansk University
APATITY – “CITY OF SCIENCE”

6. Scientific development of physical basis method
Yablochkov Prize (RAS 2003)
Kurets V.I., Semkin B.V., Usov A.F.
Transient processes in electric pulse technology plants
(Usov A.F., Semkin B. V., Zinovjev N. T.). – L.: Sciense, 1987, 2nd edition: 2000, 160p. In Russian
The principles of electric pulse demolition of materials
(Semkin B. V., Usov A.F., Kurets V. I.). – Apatity: KSC RAS, 1995, 276 p. In Russian
Electric pulse disintegration of materials(Kurets V. I., Usov A.F., Tsukerman V. A.). - Apatity: KSC RAS, 2002, 324 p.) In Russian
Decisions of the Presidium of Russian Academy of Sciences of the year 02/10/2004.
These monographic publication laid the foundation for a new research direction in Electrophysics - the physics of electrical explosion in condensed matter and its technological applications for the destruction of materials (Electropulse technology).
HERALD OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES T74, № 7, 2004

7. Main awards of International shows of innovations and investments
Researches : New processes and technologies on electric pulse method of the destruction material Compact electric pulse disintegrator International shows : Moscow, 2002-Gold medal Moscow, Gold medal Spb, Gold medal Spb, 2006-Diploma for best innovation project

8. KSC RAS - one of the leading organizations in Russia and the world in research electric pulse method of destruction of materials.
Since ancient times, people know this awesome natural phenomenon like thunderstorm and lightning. They are scared of primitive people, were the source of fire, destroyed the stone buildings, split trees, hit people and animals. Russian scientists suggested using electrical shocks to the destruction of rocks, ores, and various industrial materials, creating a "lightning" by artificial means using high-voltage pulse generators.
Prospective possibilities of energy and technological efficiency electric pulse (EP) method of destruction:
reduction of energy intensity failure of materials by the pulsed character power impact by efforts break and shift,
optimization and unification of technical and technological schemes based on the use of a transformed type of energy (electric),
increasing resistance of rock cutting device with the additional energy input into an object of destruction ("spark" is not blunts and do not wear out)
new technological possibilities and effects caused by high degree of localization and energy concentration, high temperature and pressure of the discharge channel.

9. Physical principle and scheme realization of the method
Fracture of solids (dielectrics, rock) by an electric spark when electrical breakdown
Fundamentally important condition for realization of the method is the use of pulsed high-voltage parameters (amplitude and steepness pulse front / exposure time), at which the inversion of the traditional relations of dielectric strength of solid dielectrics, and liquid media, allowing "introduce" a discharge in a solid body in a parallel system environments : solid-liquid interface.
Parameters:
Voltage level - more than 250 kV ,
Steepness pulse front of voltage:
kV/mks (in a dielectric medium)
kV / ms (in water)
Energy - from the hundreds of J (drilling, cutting, crushing)
to a few kJ (destruction of reinforced concrete).
Medium surrounding the Destroyed material with current-supplying electrodes perform in the process the role of an agent that promotes electric breakdown of solids and provides a technological function remove products of disintegration from the area of implementation
a) drilling of boreholes
b) cutting rocks
c) disintegration of materials
d) destruction of concrete products

10. Energy characteristics of destruction
Spark channel in a solid in the microsecond range is a high performance converter of electrical energy in the work of destruction
Electric pulse method destruction provides:
direct transformation electrical energy in the work of destruction ;
high efficiency transfer of discharge energy into solid ;
efficient and low power destruction strong and super strong rock .
Analysis of energy transformation in the system: the discharge circuit - the discharge channel - solid body makes it possible to calculate the output indicators of destruction and justify the best mode of implementation.
Energy intensity of well-boring. Joule/cm3 (kG·m/cm3) Drillability of rocks, mm3/joule (kG·m/cm3):
Percussion boring (20,4-66,3)
Rotary drilling:  
Crusher boring (71,4-96,8)
Diamond drilling (61,2- 81,5)
Percussive-rotary boring (40,8-61,2)
Rotary –percussive boring (61,2-81,5)
Explosive drilling (20,4-40,8)
Hydraulic drilling ( )
Electrohydraulic drilling (40,8-51)
Electrothermal drilling (510)
Electropulse drilling ( ,4)
Laser drilling ( )
sandstone (97.1)
limestone dolomitic (105.1)
clay slate (117)
marble (119)
quartzite (134)
granite coarse-grained (159)
granite - porphyry (176)
microdiorite (212)
gabbro (300)
late-tuff (1020)
galena-false ore (2550)
magnetite non destruction
By energy efficiency EPD–method applied to the processes of mountain rocks with one free surface (drilling, cutting, skinning) is more preferable than other method

11. The electric pulse discharge method of material destruction (EPD)
Well drilling
The EP-drilling
is successfully tested on pilot scale, when drilling bore holes for ore extraction in open-pit and underground mining, and for construction of trenches and underground developments, when drilling geological exploration holes continuous and ring-shaped ones, when drilling holes of a large diameter (up to 1200 mm).
is especially efficient for drilling of extra strong rocks and frozen ground and, first of all, when drilling holes of a large diameter.

12. The electric pulse discharge method of material destruction (EPD)
Cutting and surface treatment of a massif and blocks
The technique of a surface treatment of oversized blocks of natural stone with the purpose of preparation for mechanic sawing.
At a discharge energy 1.5 kJoule and pulse frequency of 5 pulse
] per second the processing speed constituted 1,2 m2 / h for the
blocks of fine-grained granite, 1,6 m2 / h for coarse-grained granite
and 0,9 m2 / h for gabbro. Power inputs accordingly constituted
4,5, 3,3 and 6,0 kW/m2.
There is a possibility of an effective application of the EPD in engineering process where it is necessary to
eliminate the breaking of a massif continuity outside the bottomhole. This refers to the following processes:
cutting and treating a natural stone, including an artistic stone dressing,
bedrock base clean at construction of plants overland and underwater, in city when there are
limitations on holding explosions;
cutoff chinks advancing with the purpose of limitation of effect on a massif of a blasting at a building
of developments of different assignment. In this case the cuts of blocks of soil from a massif without
application of a blasting is possible.

13. The electric pulse discharge method of material destruction (EPD)
Electric pulse disintegration of materials
The EI-disintegration
Ensures, in comparison with traditional methods, a high degree of disclosure of useful mineral grains with minimum damage. It provides in the following stage, enrichment of essential ores for an increase in extraction and an improvement in the quality of concentrates;
No problems with contamination of the refinement product by instrument metal or material of growing shallow bodies;
A wide range allows for regulating the granule-metric structure of the refinement product;
Production of electrical impulse refinement is characterized by the large specific surface of grains and larger correspondence of open particles of mineral inclusions, compared to their initial natural condition in rock (morphology).
A number of plants have been developed and tested, including plants for processing raw material with minerals of jewels, plants for selection of mica from rocks, and plants for processing the merging of artificial (synthetic) mica. The compacting plant has been created for geological research (for the study of mineral raw material and for deriving mono-mineral factions.

14. Technological parameters of electric pulse disintegration
Technological tests of various of polymetallic ores shown that EP disintegration how the process is provides the best efficiency of the disclosure of useful minerals in all types of ores and creates the possibility of a significant increase recovery and improve the quality of concentrate.
On the difficult ore-dressing rocks (such as cassiterite) increase recovery after of EP ore preparation can reach several percent.
On ores with crystals emeralds, diamonds, rubies, spinels, garnets, extraction with of EP-disclosure is times higher when compared with careful manual handling (performed in Malyshevskoye EDM) with a substantially better their preservation from destruction
Extraction of diamonds increased by more than twice (8.48 and 4.01 carats / tonne); extracting large crystals (2-4 mm) is twice as high (75 and 37% respectively).
Disclosure of mica intergrowths (Mamsko-Chu deposit, Eastern Siberia) to yield bottom-hole raw corresponds to careful hand-disclosure that times higher than in industrial technology disclosure splices in mechanical crushers. Large crystals (with an area greater than 50 cm 2) retained 3-4 times more.
When handling the ingots artificial mica fluoro-phlogopite (diameter mm) out of an industrial product (rebounds mica) is higher by 1.3 times in comparison with the technology of cutting ARRISM, Aleksandrov).

15. Technical means of the disintegration of materials
Designs
Schematic diagrams of disintegration
А - Carse comminuting
B – comminuting
C - Stadial comminuting
D - Destruction of blocks
Usov, A.F., Tsukerman, V.A. Electric pulse disintegration: russian experience and prospects / Proceedings of the 2008 Global Symposium on Recicling, Waste Treatment and Clean Technology (REWAS-2008), - pp

16. Problems and prospects of establishing an effective electrical equipment for electric pulse technology
Industrial development of EP technology requires radically improving the performance of electrical equipment to ensure cost effectiveness and reliability of its operation.
Unsatisfactory (low) specific energy, mass and dimensional performance characteristics, caused by use of obsolete schemes chargers, and commutation circuits generate a pulsed voltage, the limited resource of work energy storage.
EP-installation require a qualified maintenance. Providing compact and automated control modes of EP-installations will increase the operational reliability of their work, remove a psychological rejection of the use of high voltages.
Modern achievements electronic and high-voltage pulse technology allow rapidly reduce the size of elements of electrical equipment and significantly improve the reliability work installations

17. Block scheme of electric pulse installation
Charging unit (1, 2, 3)‏
rectified voltage kV
repetition pulse rate
до /s
power
1 – 250 kW
High-voltage pulse generator (4)
pulse high voltage above kV
correcting the pulse front microseconds
to nanoseconds s
energy-storage unit
1 – 25 kJ
1- control unit, 2- regulative throttle,
3- unbend-rising device, 4 – high voltage pulser,
5 – technological device with system of the issue of the pulse

18. Element base of HV-installations (traditional scheme)
The scheme of three-phase rectifier voltage to AC voltage
1 – ДрН – regulator of charging current to a low-voltage side
2 – Тр – high-voltage transformer
3 – В – rectifier
4 – ДрВ - regulator of charging current from high voltage side
Saturable reactor
HV transformer
Rectification unit

19. Specific power of chargers on various elemental base
Installation
Power, kW
dimensions, mm
Weight, kg
The specific power,
kW/m3
The specific power, kW / kg
CMS 20
throttle РНТМ
1140x1095x1285
Rectifier ВТМ
1264x1300x1750
1025 kg
1410 kg
4,5
0.008
IHV-1,2,3
(РТГ2 ВЭИ)
0,45-0,6
522 х 310 х 240
11, ,4
KSC RAS
(Experimenta) 2
Charger 480х480х210 mm
Control block 480х480х190mm
0.04
Dimensions and weight of battery chargers can be reduced on 1-2 orders
Appearance charger
Russian Technology Group, Russia.
Charger based on traditional circuit of rectification

20. Chargers with high-frequency voltage-converter schemes
Chargers of Russian Technology Group
Chargers of Spellman
Chargers of KSC RAS
Output voltage - 50 kV power - 2 kW

21. Generating high-voltage pulses
Multistage Marx generator open type cannot provide the compact design and suitable for practical use of the specific energy characteristics.

22. Technical solutions for improving the mass-dimensional characteristics of the generating equipment
1. Configuration provides an introduction high-voltage of elements inside the installation;
2. Hermetic placement in an electrically strong environment;
Closed performance generating blocks in an electrically strong medium (Oil-filled, with electric SF6 gas under high pressure) - the real way to improve the energy characteristics (provided to ensure high reliability and service life of the element base), but not enough for create a compact mobile systems
Generating blocks of the "Angara" high-pressure electric gas SF6
Configuration of HVIGM-300

23. Generating pulses by pulse transformers
Cascade PT submersible type (400 mm)
with a steel magnetic core
в) single-stage pulse transformer
Pulse transformers can significantly reduce the size of pulse generators. However, the use of magnetic cores of iron limits the possibility of reduce weight, requires special measures for the magnetization reversal.

24. Combined two-level-voltage schemes with two energy sources
Allow the pulse voltage parameters and the energy release regime in the discharge channel to be independently controlled.
Providing simultaneously the maximum efficiency of both break-down and destruction
Usov A.F., Semkin B. V., Zinovjev N. T. Transient processes in electric pulse technology plants
– L.: Sciense, 1987, 2nd edition: 2000, 160p. In Russian

25. Development of pulse transformer
with trapezoidal secondary winding (transformer cylindrical the diameter of the transformer 81 mm, height 80 mm). The primary winding has 10 turns of wire PVС-(d = 3.2 mm), the secondary winding contains 52 turns of wire PVС-(d = 1.5 mm) (magnetic core consists of 10 ferrite rings mark 2500 НМС1 (45x28x8).
with a conical inner secondary winding (transformer cylindrical the diameter of the transformer 130 mm 100 mm). The primary winding has 12 turns of wire PH-(d = 4 mm) the secondary winding contains 72 turns of PEL-(d = 1 mm). The magnetic circuit consists of 10 ferrite rings mark 2500 НМС1 (45x28x8).
with a conical inner secondary winding (transformer cylindrical the diameter of the transformer 300 mm height 350 mm). The primary winding has 15 turns of wire PH-(d = 4 mm) the secondary winding consists of 105 turns of PEL-(d = 1 mm). The magnetic circuit consists of 15 ferrite rings mark 2500 НМС1 (100x60x15)
Testing of transformers in operating mode of generating pulses confirmed the possibility of obtaining calculation parameters of impulse voltage

26. Analysis of the transition process in the three-loop circuit with a pulse transformer and the aggravating wavefront
The generation of pulses with the use pulse transformer circuit with aggravating capacity on the secondary side provides maximum energy transfer from the primary circuit of pulse transformer in the discharge channel rock destruction device with the desired mode of energy release.

27. Strategy for the establishment and development of electropulse installations
Given the broad range of technological applications of the method and range of energy regimes, proposed a phased review and tackling the ascent from simple to complex. At the first stage of the study of new technical solutions are invited to check and work out at facilities of the limited capacity, the relevant requirements and meet the requirements of certain industries, and then proceed to implement customized solutions to more powerful machines and a wider range of promising directions for use.
CLEPD (Project of KSCRAS Russia)
CMS (Russia)
SELFRAG AG (Switzerland).

28. Electropulsing disintegrator KLEPD
CLEPD - class of compact laboratory electropulse disintegration installations limited (kgs per hour), but sufficient for many purposes of wide practical application of productivity. At the expense of a set disintegration chambers of different type the wide range of a grinding of materials - from mm up to a micron is ensured.
Installation is created on the element baseline using the latest reachings in electronic and high-voltage pulsed technique, implementing new solutions of sources of an impulse voltage with an opportunity of sharp reduction of their sizes. Instrument registration CLEPD will allow to use them in conditions customary, electrotechnology unspecialized laboratories.
Developed installation will have some modifications:
Base version CLEPD-B intended for the scientific and research-and-production organizations of the mineral-raw and chemical-engineering profile closely related to study of mineral raw materials.
Installation CLEPD-EE is offered for use in the educational and exploratory purposes on electrophysical applications of electrical discharges .
Installation CLEPD-T can be used in the technological purposes of the limited productivity.

29. Electropulsing disintegrator KLEPD
Modes of an electric impact:
Electropulse destruction of material
Electrohydroimpulse crushing material
Electric-softening and the activation of the material
Parameters of an electric impact :
amplitude of pulse pressure - varies, max. - Up to 300 kV,
front of pulsed voltage– 10-8 – 10-6 s
energy pulses - varies, max. - up to , J
power of installation - 2,5 kW .
technological conditions :
The initial particle size of material - varies, max - up to mm
The ultimate particle size of the product-varies, min. - up to microns.
Technological environment - water-distillate
(Prototype image)

30. AN OFFER FOR A SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL COOPERATION:
Joint development of a technology and engineering for mining and construction.
Compact of electropulse disintegrator
Disintegrating Systems for disclosure in the rocks of precious metals and stones
Extraction and processing of natural decorative stone
Dredging in ponds for install piping
Automated systems for studying the Earth's interior, on rocky bottom of rivers seas and the oceans and on the space objects
Tunneling in rock, construction of underground workings, the laying of communication channels
The Russian side shall provide the know-how by the new method of breaking materials, side provides of research and design work the personnel and the scientific equipment.
The Partner side shall undertake the financial support of the development of specific production units.
The resulting scientific-technical product shall be a common property and shall be protected by a patent.
Contact: