1. Participation in Early Childhood Education - What and How? Jonna Leinonen Department of Teacher Education University of Helsinki http://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/jonkanga/ 5/15/2015 Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

2. Participation From Convention of the Rights of the Child (United Nations, 1989)  PARTICIPATION, PROTECTION AND PROVISION From New Sociological paradigm (e.g. Corsaro, 1996; Woodhead, 2010)  Child as an agent, with voice and knowledge From Cambridge Dictionary  “When you take part or become involved in something.” From Democratic education  Learning to be an democratic and empowered citizen 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

3. Participation in Finnish Curriculums In Early Childhood Education curriculum (VASU)  Parent should have participation in daycare  Not a word about children’s participation… In Primary School curriculum  Children learn when they have social participation and they are part of a society  Participation is possible with shared language 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

4. Theories about Participation The Ladder of Participation (Hart, 1992)  Political and idealistic structure about what is and is not participation in context of Society Culture of Participation (Kirby & all, 2003)  Consultation-focus, Participation-focus and Child-focus The Pathways to Participation (Shier, 2001)  5 –dimension structure about how teacher should act to enhance children’s participation  From 1)children are listened to 5)children share power and responsibility in decision making 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

5. Participation in Early Childhood Education Children should not be over-protected (boogie- man syndrome) (Corsaro, 1996) Participation is experienced by each individual (eg. Karlsson, 2000) Communication and interaction are important parts of Participation (Clark, 2005; Greve, 2009) Participation needs adult’s support (Berthelsen, 2006 and 2009) Child is competent (eg. Nyland, 2009) 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

6. VKK-Metro and Participation To measure and portray Participation in kindergarten’s in Metropolitan area of Finland Research was made in May 2010 (based on pre- research in Jan 2010) Survey with 102 questions (9 open ended and 93 quantific questions) answered by working teams (2-6 person in each) Teams attitudes, routines, ways to act (in both care and education), teams views about the barriers against participation and the competence of the children… 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

7. continues… 1116 answers (56% from all teams in the area!) In these groups worked almost 4000 person and they took care over 20000 children Research report “When the shared experience transforms a collective joy” – Children’s Participation in Day Care centers (Venninen, Leinonen and Ojala) in www.socca.fi/vkk-metrowww.socca.fi/vkk-metro 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

8. ”Participation should exist in all actions in Early Childhood Education” ”Child have a right to be educated and cared by adults who do respect and listen to him/her and are interested and involved in children’s world.”  7 Rights for children  Safety of Learning, have their Needs fulfill, experiences of having Influence, practicing Independent Iniatives, learning to take Responsibility, Constructing the world with adult and Joying about themselves with others Main findings in Research 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

9. Main findings of Research The 4 cornerstones for Adults enhancing children’s participation: 1. Creating environment and conditions possible and positive for participation. 3. Skills to use information from child as a basic for collective actions and shared experiences 2. Skills to collect information about and from the children and ”get in” child’s perspectives. 4. Commitment to develop supportive policies for participation © Venninen & Leinonen, 2010 5/15/2015 Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

10. How to Enhance Participation in everyday actions? (answers and ideas) 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi ”Smallgroups” in kindergartens

11. Discussion: Child should have daily experiences of participating There should not be age limits for participation Child cannot choose participation, adult needs to support children’s participation New ways of thinking and organizing education and other actions in kindergartens is needed 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi

12. Thank You! jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi 5/15/2015Jonna Leinoen jonna.leinonen@helsinki.fi