1. Skills and Techniques Stages of Learning
Higher P.E.
Skills and Techniques
Stages of Learning

2. 3 Stages of learning
Preparation Stage
Practice Stage
Automatic Stage

3. Preparation Stage
1st stage a learner goes though when learning a new skill.
Find out what the skill involves
Determine the sub-routines required for the skill (focus technique)
Often at initial level of ability
Errors are likely
Encouragement required
More external feedback required: visual (demonstrations), verbal (instructions),
Shadow drills

4. Prep Stage cont…
The Cognitive (or preparation) Stage allows you to learn or practice skills without pressure. This stage is often used with beginners or when introducing a new skill. This allows you to concentrate on basic key elements of the skill or movement.
Shadow drills are practiced to determine the skills needed for sub routines and also external feedback is given a lot to encourage the learner and boost their confidence.

5. Prep Stage cont…
What methods of practice would you use in this stage and why?
Shadow Practice
Why?
Used to introduce the performer to the movement, composure, posture and balance of what is needed to perform the skill or technique correctly.

6. Prep Stage cont…
Read Page 18 and 19 in your info booklet and add info to your prep stage notes.
What other practices would you use?

7. Practice Stage
The Associative (or practice) Stage allows you to focus on practice. At this stage the emphasis is on the correct sequence of movement patterns to produce the desired result. The repetition of the skill will become more accurate and also more consistent. The amount of practice time needed varies with the complexity of the skill.

8. Practice Stage cont… Link sub-routines together
focus on accuracy and effectiveness
Mistakes likely but reducing (fewer errors are experienced, usually caused by difficulties in controlling speed, force or timing of movements)
Intermediate level of ability
Feedback internal and external (change in type of feedback, move from visual/verbal to more reliance on internal/kinesthetic)
Repetition drills and target

9. More on Practice Stage
Repetition drills are used as they groove muscle memory and techniques such as ‘trigger words’ can be used to remember and focus on a particular sub routine while performing the skill.
To reinforce the subroutines in Preparation, Action and Recovery phases.
Corrects errors
Increased kinaesthetic awareness
Focus on 1 specific skill at a time
Practice is uninterrupted
Controlled environment

10. Target drills (Practice stage)
Drill now becomes measurable. (measures performers accuracy)
Allows performer to set achievable goals.

11. Automatic Stage
The Autonomous (or automatic) Stage when a performance reaches this level, movements are almost automatic with actions being carried out with very little conscious thought. Fewer mistakes are made and you are more consistent, reliable and accurate during your performance.
Most key sub-routines automatic
Attention paid to decision-making and shot selection
Less mistakes
More kinaesthetic awareness and feedback
Awareness of flight, pace and direction of skill

12. Automatic Stage cont….
performers can produce skilled actions automatically with little or no conscious control to movement production
physical performance is highly consistent, efficient and having few errors
performers are now capable of identifying own errors and correcting themselves
performer frees his/her mind to deal more effectively with environmental information, such as player and object positions, or how a particular strategy is developing
role for the teacher is in assisting with the finer details of technique or focusing on strategy and mental preparation.

13. Combination Drills
linking more than one skill and repeating the order (i.e. High serve, o/h clear, drop shot, net, net, high clear)
Develops more than one skill at the same time
Improves consistency, accuracy and fluency
Introduces variety
Prevents boredom
Increase motivation

14. Pressure Drills execute the technique in a varied/random situation
Game like situations
Maintains motivation
Develops consistency and accuracy
Improves decision making
Increases the challenge

15. Conditioned Games Game like situations
Promotes the use of the techniques learned
Develops consistency and accuracy of shot
Improves decision making
Games can be adapted
Highly motivating
Highly challenging

16. Question
Explain what you understand about each stage of learning (6 marks)
Complete this question for tomorrow.
You may also wish to read page 80 and 81 of the Higher P.E. book.