1. Chapter 4 1820-1860

2. Land Act of 1820 began having an effect on the amount of land disposal  This huge disposal to free landowners was unique in the world at the time Preemption Act of 1841, last liberal land policy  Sanctioned squatting on public land before it went up for auction  Western states had begun to pass laws giving squatters the right to purchase their land at minimum price without going through auction  Congress also passed on preemptive laws increasing the rights to squatters

3. Huge Growth in this period! YearUS Population 18209.6 Million 186031.5 million Year Population in the Northeast Central States 1820800,000 18607 Million YearPopulation in MO 182066, 000 18601.2 Million Includes OH, IN, IL, MI, WI. This is a 7 fold increase. This is a 20 fold increase in population.

4. This period began with human labor still as the main working force. 1. Slavery was politicized in the new territories Missouri Compromise (1820)  Admitted MO as a slave state and ME as a free state to keep a balance  Prohibited, thereafter, slavery north of 36*30’ parallel Kansas Nebraska Act (1854)  Repealed MO Compromise by allowing popular sovereignty on issues such as slavery in establishing statehood

5. 2. Immigrants  Northern and Eastern interests keep an open immigration policy to:  Fill the territories with free land holders (anti-plantation)  Fill industrial jobs that were opening with the migration of settlers to the west with liberal land policies  It’s estimated that in 1860 over half of the adult male population was foreign-born  This increased the gross national product and greatly benefited the East Year Number of individuals immigrating to the US 18208,400 183020,000 184080,000 1850370,000 1854428,000

6. 3. Indian Removal was vigorously implemented  Trail of Tears under the Jackson Presidency These three elements allowed 15 territories to qualify for statehood. The majority of settlement occurred between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River during this period

7. 1. Canals  Beginning in 1815 3200 miles of canals were built in 25 years  These were located mostly in the north near the Great Lakes and in the Ohio River Valley  These were most often financed by state governments  The most successful and longest lived is the Erie Canal because of topography, water resources, and large, concentrated populations of the eastern seaboard Markets opened up for the sale of agricultural products through intrastate infrastructure

8. Railroads  Railroads boomed from 1840-1860  In 20 years, the railroads grew 10 fold: 3000-30,000 miles of track  Graduation Act of 1854 made discounted land that had trouble selling, helping railroads move swiftly across the nation and turn profit

9. Human Hands to Horse Hooves A timeline for most advancements, involving Horse drawn and riding machines, developed:  1820’s and 1830’sdevelopment  1840’s limited commercialization and adoption  1850’s was the widespread boom  Took longer to reach the Midwest in this period because of the Civil War The boom happened in 1850 for all of the various tools as the farmer needs advancement in all stages of cultivation, planting to maintenance to harvest, to be efficient

10. Cast Iron Plow  Patented in 1797 used heavily in the north John Deere Plow (1837)  Iron plow with a steel cutting edge to keep prairie sod from sticking; perfect of settling the Midwest  By 1850s, Deere was mass producing the plow, making it affordable for most

11. First Combine  Reaper-thresher was the hybrid of Obed Hussy’s reaper and Cyrus McCormick’s thresher became successful by 1855

12. Old South (GA, Carolinas)  Labor and capital intensive rice was the principle staple but began to die Upper South (KY, TN, VA, MD, Carolinas)  Tobacco over-production depressed prices and decreased yields  Animal agriculture introduced to sustain the land

13. Deep South (AL, MI, LA, GA)  Cotton and sugar boomed  The only mechanization here, the cotton Gin (1793) Mechanization was suppressed in the South by:  Vast slave population  Plantation culture  Interstate slave trade

14. The Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley Region By 1860, pork production was made possible by:  Mechanization: corn surpluses  Industrialization: for slaughter and processes carcasses  Infrastructure: shipping processed goods to cities

15. Became highly specialized  Proximity to urban centers in need of produce and dairy (specialization developed)  Unable to compete with Midwestern grains because of efficiency and volume and its own population volume and climate  Established infrastructure (dense railroads and Erie Canal) The first to develop high density, urban areas  Establishing large and reliable markets

16. Commercialization constituted increased  Mechanization  Infrastructure  Market access Commercialization made large surpluses possible and profitable

17. In 1860, land west of a line from St. Paul to Fort Worth was largely unsettled. This is the last frontier.

18. Conditions: 1. U.S. citizen or had filed papers to become one 2. 21 years old or head of family or 14 days military service 3. Never fought against the interests of the U.S. Terms: 1. Live on land 5 consecutive years--if not possible, could buy for $1.25/acre 2. Become a U.S. citizen 3. Pay $10 filing fee

19. best land was already settled 160 acres not enough on High Plains no attempt to re-locate impoverished urban workers abuse of cattle ranchers and timber companies

20. 500 million acres were disposed of: 80 million through Homestead Act 108 million through auction 300 million given as grants to railroads

21. 1860 -- 407 million acres in farms 1900 -- 839 million acres in farms FarmsFarms 1860 1900 1.9 million 5.5 million

22. 1862Homestead Act 1860 Creation of USDA, with cabinet status 1862 Morrill Act, creating LGC

23. slavery abolished decreased demand for mechanization stimulated domestic demand  spurred increased production triumph of family farm system of production over export sensitive, large scale (plantation) agriculture

24. Agriculture enters into a recession that lasts until 1900  between 1870 - 1880  population increased 26%  production rose 53%

25. meeting high land prices with declining gross incomes seeking out reasons for tough times on the farms  railroad rates, agribusiness overproduction plight in newly settled western states

26. Organize and act collectively  Grange (Patrons of Husbandry) regulate railroad  Farmers Alliance form cooperatives  Populist Movement - William Jennings Bryan Turn to government for assistance  USDA - created in 1862  US Army - distributed rations to western settlers

27. farmers sought relief by urging government to...  curb the power of monopolists  create a flexible and liberal monetary system  reform the tax system

29. Northeast - dairy, truck crops, fruit Upper South - tobacco, corn Deep South - cotton Midwest - Corn Belt - corn, hogs Lake States - dairy, forage Great Plains - wheat Western Range - cattle/sheep grazing Pacific West - irrigation - specialty crops

30. creates recognition for the need to address poverty in rural America need for modernization requires technology & science & education sets the stage for modernization & development  technology  education Reform  business orientation Movement  cooperation