1. Otaheite: European First Contact with Polynesia

2. 2009 map of Oceania (CIA world factbook). More detailed view: http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/oceania_ref_2009.pdf http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/oceania_ref_2009.pdf Political map (2001): http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/oceania_pol01.jpghttp://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/australia/oceania_pol01.jpg

3. Latitude, Longitude, Time Zones Explanation of latitude and longitude: http://www.diffen.com/difference/Latitude_vs_Longitude http://www.diffen.com/difference/Latitude_vs_Longitude Early Maps and Ocean Travel: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/ http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/ Celestial Navigation: http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/astro.html http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~feegi/astro.html

4. Early Contact Seeking “Spice Islands” (Maluku or Molucca islands, Indonesia) Ferdinand Magellan’s expedition (1519- 1522) – Straits of Magellan named for passage around the difficult southern pt. of S. America (Cape Horn) – Crew dying of scurvy, mutinous – Magellan killed in the Philippines—caught in local island battle – One ship returns to Spain in 1522—first circumnavigation of the globe Left: Pigafetta, Antonio “Figure of the Five Islands Where Grow the Cloves, and of Their Tree.” (~1521) Drawn from account of Magellan’s voyage. More 16 th- 18 th - c. European maps of the Philippines / Spice islands More 16 th- 18 th - c. European maps of the Philippines / Spice islands

5. First complete map of the PhilippinesFirst complete map of the Philippines, with red markings for Spanish churches / cathedrals. Antonio de Herrara y Tordesillas, from a Spanish manuscript world map of 1575 (~1575 - 1601).

6. ~1500s – 1600: spice and quest for a southern continent Spanish sail west via Americas to Philippines Portuguese sail east (around Africa’s Cape of Good hope) to Philippines / Spice Islands Early 1600s: Dutch capture Spice Islands, explore north and south coasts of Australia (Hollandia Nova, Tasmania)explore north and south coasts of Australia

7. 1767: An eventful encounter Samuel Wallis, HMS Dolphin – Ship isolated and off course--headed northward from exploration of South Pacific – Seeking fresh food! Crew suffering from scurvy (tries vinegar and sauerkraut successfully) – European first contact with Tahiti—1767. He names it for King George III – Voyage logs recorded in John Hawkesworth’s Voyages in the Southern Hemisphere, Vol. 1 Voyages in the Southern Hemisphere, Vol. 1 (See Ch. 5) Illustration: plate xxii for John Hawkesworth’s Voyages…in the Southern Hemisphere (1773) See also Neil Rennie, Far-Fetched Facts, pp. 84-85

8. Plate 21 for Hawkesworth’s Voyages: See Wallis’s account of the Attack by Tahitians on Wallis’s ship (HMS Dolphin)Attack by Tahitians on Wallis’s ship (HMS Dolphin)

9. First Contact with European culture? For Tahitians, maybe not: Spanish and Dutch ships sight various islands in this group btw 1520s and 1720s – 1590s Spanish presence in the Marquesas islands (1,000 miles north of Tahiti) – inter-island communication, trade, and travel HMS Dolphin is the first European ship to land here, stays about a month – Tahitians want European iron, metal – Early patterns of encounter, set by Wallis and crew: Offers to trade / exchange Overt sexual advances Canoes to board ships / landing parties Pressed too closely  guns and cannons! Intimidation of Tahitians Open exchange of sex for ship’s nails “Queen” Purea or Oberea: first meeting…brings Captain Wallis ashore, has him dressed in Tahitian clothes, presents gift of a pig, and brings him back to ship. Weeps when they leave. – Possibly a political power play—angling for family control of Tahiti via allegiance with Wallis Tahiti becomes central stopping point for French and British ships after 1767

10. Bougainville: La Nouvelle Cythère French expedition (Louis-Antoine Bougainville on the ship Etoile): – goal: find an unknown southern continent btw S. America and Australia nearly wrecks on Great Barrier Reef stops in Tahiti for 10 days in 1768 – names it “la Nouvelle Cythere” (the new Venus), and claims the “Archipelago of Bourbon” for France – Bougainville sees the island as fulfillment of Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s idea of the natural man (L’Homme Sauvage) “Great Angry Sky”: Bougainville’s Iroquois name—brotherhood with Iroquois during French & Indian War against England

11. Bougainville’s Expedition First voyage to Pacific with a scientist on board – studies Tahitian cultural practices, botany, animals Discovery of a French woman, Jeanne Baret, masking as a man on board…Tahitian curiosity over European women Early Departure (10 days): – Violence—4 Tahitians shot or bayonetted by French soldiers – unsafe ports for the French ships – Bougainville leaves, nevertheless calling the island, “la véritable Eutopie” (Rennie 89). Discovers a few sailors have contracted venereal diseases… blames this on Wallis’s sailors, prior visit! – V.D. in Polynesia, a matter of international contention: Cook blames it on the French, Bougainville on the English. Brings a Tahitian man, Aotourou, back to Paris – Arrives 1769, lives in Paris for about a year, uses a watch, attends the opera – Bougainville attempts to bring him back home to Tahiti in 1770—dies of smallpox on the voyage, buried at sea.

12. Capt. Cook’s First Pacific Voyage 1768-1771: HMS Endeavour joint Royal Navy and Royal Society Expedition: – British astronomer (Charles Green) and botanists Joseph Banks, Daniel Solander (student of Carolus Linneaus), and Hermann Sporing (Finnish) (Sporing dies of dysentery on the trip back, 1771.) Goal: to observe the Transit of Venus across the Sun, 3-4 June, 1769, from a good location—in South Pacific – Significance: earlier observations of the Transit of Venus helped to calculate distance from Earth to Sun – This particular observation wasn’t too successful, problems with documenting precise times for the transit…and Green died on the trip back, could not make a full report to the Royal Society Four months in Tahiti (late April – August 1769)

13. Cook’s chart of the Society Islands (including Otaheite)

15. Cook’s First Pacific Voyage (1768-1771) Rediscovery of “Queen” Purea / Oberea – Joseph Banks’ “ceremonial” involvements with Tahitian women – public nudity / sexual rites: accounted for as ceremonial Thefts: of Banks’s waistcoat, of astronomical quadrant (found in pieces around the island) Two British sailors try to stay on Tahiti with their new “wives” – Tahitians guard the sailors from arrest, until Cook threatens the lives of their chiefs HMS Endeavour leaves Tahiti in July 1769 for points southward, with a Tahitian man, Tupuaia, and his servant boy, Taiata, on board – Serve as interpreters in contact with the Maori of New Zealand (related languages) – Both Taiata and Tupuaia die later in the voyage in Jakarta (Indonesia), 1770.

16. Joseph Banks and Captain Cook… and a recent book on Banks, “the loves of plants,” and Banks’s role in using botany to build Britain’s mercantile empire.a recent book

17. Cook’s Endeavour Voyage continues… Botany Bay: landing point in Australia, named for Banks, Solander, and Sporing while the Endeavour was undergoing 7 weeks of repairs from damage on Great Barrier Reef (summer, 1770) – First English sight of kangaroos!

18. Sydney Parkinson’s sketch of a kangaroo in 1770, Cook’s Endeavour voyage

19. http://southseas.nla.gov.au/journals/maps/01 _world.html

20. James Cook’s Pacific Voyages: 2 of 3 Second voyage: 1772-1775: HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure Disproves myth of a continent between S. America and Australia (New Holland) Comes close to Antarctica – Omai: comes aboard Capt Furneaux’s ship, the Adventure– carried to England (Right: Portrait of Omai by Joshua Reynolds)

21. A Tahitian “morai” http://www.captcook-ne.co.uk/ccne/exhibits/003452/index.htm

22. Cook’s Last Voyage: 1776 - 1780 HMS Resolution and HMS Discovery – To Pacific by way of Cape Town (S. Africa) – Return Omai to his home island – Seek NW passage Discovery of Hawaiian islands Northwest coast  Vancouver  Bering Strait…blocked by ice South again to winter in Hawaii— warm welcome during festival Cook’s ships leave, but return unexpectedly soon for ship repairs – Conflict, thefts  violence Cook’s violent death / dismemberment on the island of Hawaii, Feb. 14, 1779 Ships return—1780. Mourning for Cook…

23. Lost Ships, Assassination, Mutiny Capt. Jean-Francois de la Perouse: both ships lost in a Pacific storm near Solomon islands, 1788 William Bligh, Fletcher Christian, and the Mutiny on the HMS Bounty – Botanical mission: transport breadfruit plants from Tahiti to Caribbean (to feed slave plantations) 5 months in Tahiti collecting breadfruit plants Blight’s crew socializes with Tahitians, gets tattoos First mate, Fletcher Christian takes a spouse, Maimiti – Mutiny starts at Tahiti (April 1789) – Bloodless revolt. 22 loyal crew with Bligh are sent off in the ship’s open boat Bligh successfully navigates a long and dangerous voyage of 47 days in the open boat to the Dutch port of Coupang (near Australia). – Fletcher Christian and mutineers take the Bounty. A group remains in Tahiti—later most are arrested by the Royal Navy and carried to England in the Pandora (held in “Pandora’s Box”) Christian and a small group of mutineers and Tahitians sail the Bounty to Pitcairn Island, land and destroy the ship Pitcairn’s mixed English-Tahitian colony—descendents of this group. First discovery by Mayhew Folger of the U.S. ship, the Topaz in 1809/1810… Death of Cook, Loss of la Perouse, Mutiny…darken European views of the Pacific…

24. Tahiti as Colony and Protectorate 1770s – 1790s: rival missionary groups – Spanish priests vs. London missionary society – Tahitian kings: monarchy established after contact (1768) Pomare I, II, III, IV, V Last king of Tahiti—reigns to 1880, dies 1891 (France annexes the island group, June 29, 1880) Sovereignty? Language? European and U.S. interests in Polynesia: vying for commercial and cultural authority in 19 th c