1. Radiology and Endocrinology ANATOMY Radiography Ultrasound CT MRI FUNCTION Radionuclide Imaging - Scintigraphy - PET

2. Radionuclide Imaging Images metabolic pathways Pharmaceutical which mimics a component of a normal metabolic pathway is administered to the patient Pharmaceutical radiolabelled so that its distribution in the patient can be visualised with a gamma camera

3. Ideal Radionuclide emits gamma radiation at suitable energy for detection with a gamma camera (60 - 400 kev, ideal 150 kev) should not emit alpha or beta radiation half life similar to length of test cheap readily available

4. Ideal radiopharmaceutical cheap and readily available radionuclide easily incorporated without altering biological behaviour radiopharmaceutical easy to prepare localises only in organ of interest t 1/2 of elimination from body similar to duration of test

5. Thyroid - radiography Little role Thyroid mass diagnosed incidentally on chest radiograph Thoracic inlet views may demonstrate tracheal compression

6. Thyroid - ultrasound High resolution (5 - 10 MHz) Confirms - mass is thyroid cystic or solid single or multiple cannot distinguish solid carcinoma from solid dominant nodule Not useful in hyperthyroidism

7. Thyroid - CT/MRI Not as good as US at resolving lesions within the thyroid Best tests for assessing mediastinal disease CT better than MRI for calcification MRI better than CT for distinguishing between fibrosis and residual tumour

8. Thyroid - scintigraphy 99m PERTECHNETATE Trapped but not organified Competes with iodide for uptake Cheap and readily available IODINE ( 123 I or 131 I) Trapped and organified Better for retrosternal goitres Expensive, cyclotron generated RECENT (10 days) IODINE CONTRAST BLOCKS UPTAKE

9. Thyroid scintigraphy 99m Tc 123 NaI ADMINivpo/iv PATIENTwithdraw thyroid Rx PREPavoid high Iodine foods IMAGING15 min pi1-2hr pi 24 hr po

10. Hyperthyroidism RN uptake 1. Thyroid gland (>95%) Toxic nodular goitre Diffuse toxic goitre (Graves) Thyroiditis 2. Exogenous T3/4/iodine Iatrogenic Iodine - induced (XRay contrast, amiodarone)

11. Thyroid nodules Risk of malignancy Overall10% US - cystic0.3 - 10% US - solid ???? RNI - cold16% RNI - hot4% First line investigation: Cytology +/- US

12. RNI in thyroid disease Investigation of hyperthyroidism Location of ectopic thyroid tissue (congenital hypothyroidism, retrosternal goitre) Little role in thyroid nodules

13. 1 ry Hyperparathyroidism Type% AdenomasSingle80 HyperplasiaChief cell15 Clear cell1 Carcinoma4

14. RN parathyroid imaging 99m Tc / 201 Tl 99m Tc-MIBI subtraction scansearly/late scans False positives: thyroid pathology False negatives: parathyroid hyperplasia Both good for ectopic parathyroids

15. Parathyroid imaging USnot good at finding ectopic glands CTContrast Surgical artifacts MRIGood for localisation and ectopic glands

16. Imaging parathyroids Uncomplicated 1 ry hyperparathyroidsim 90 -95% surgical success rate without imaging Recurrent/persistent hyperparathyroidism surgical success rate without imaging -50% with imaging - 90% (combined RNI + MRI)

17. Adrenal glands Cortexaldosterone cortisol adrenal androgens Medullaadrenalin

18. Adrenal glands AXR - may show calcification US - large masses only (unless neonatal) CT - can detect small lesions - cannot distinguish metastases from non-functioning adenomas MRI - small lesions - may distinguish mets from non-functioning adenomas

19. Adrenal cortical RNI Radiolabelled cholesterol esters ( 75 Seleno-methylnorcholesterol, 131 I - 6B iodomethyl-19-norcholesterol) Image at 4 and 7 days > 50% difference in activity between sides is abnormal

20. RNI in Cushings syndrome ACTH-dependent CSbilat pituitary/ectopic ACTH -independent CS bilat nodular hyperplasiabilat adrenocortical adenomauni Adrenocortical carcinomabilat

21. Cushings syndrome Diagnosis - biochemistry Localisation - CT/MRI for 1. Pituitary ACTH-dependent 2. Ectopic ACTH-dependant 3. ACTH - independant RNI not usually necessary

22. RNI and Cushings syndrome Used for 1. Finding residual functioning adrenal remnants if recurrent disease after prior bilateral adrenalectomy 2. Somatostatin receptor scanning for ectopic ACTH from small bronchial carcinoid tumours

23. Primary aldosteronism small tumours may not be seen with CT/MRI RNI + dexamethasone suppression can find tumours < 1cm Adrenal visualisation before 5 days is abnormal (bilateral/unilateral)

24. Adrenal medullary RNI Phaeochromocytoma Paraganglioma Neuroblastoma Ganglioneuroblastoma Ganglioneuroma

25. Adrenal medullary RNI Metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) - localises in catecholamine storage vesicles of adrenergic nerve endings - 123 I or 131 I somatostatin receptor imaging 111 In octreotide

26. MIBG phaeochromocytomas (95% sensitivity) neuroblastoma (80 - 90% sens) carcinoid medullary thyroid carcinoma (MEN syndromes)

27. Phaeochromocytomas 10%malignant bilateral extra- adrenal paediatric

28. Phaeochromocytomas Diagnosis - biochemistry Localisation CT if > 2cm RNI to exclude - small tumours - bilateral adrenal - multifocal - metastases

29. ‘Incidentalomas’ Incidental adrenal mass in patients undergoing abdominal imaging (2%) Q.Is it functioning? Is it benign or malignant?

30. Functioning ‘incidentalomas’ Diagnosis Clinical features Biochmistry Confirmation RNI

31. Non-functioning Non-functioning adenoma vs. metastasis CT using attenuation values MRI - chemical shift imaging

32. Radiology and Endocrinology Localisation not Diagnosis

33. IMAGING and the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM