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Radiology of Thyroid and parathyroid
By Dr Riaz Mohammad Radiology of Thyroid and parathyroid
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Thyroid and parathyroid
Normal Anatomy. Radiological test. Disease
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Thyroid and parathyroid
Normal Anatomy Embryology: Thyroid gland is derived from a tubular structure at the base of tongue called foramen cecum
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Anatomy Thyroid gland has two elongated lateral lobes.
United in the middle by a median isthmus It is 4-6 cm in L, cm thick. Isthmus is 6mm thick Some time a pyramidal lobe is present which extend upward from the isthmus. Thyroid is supplied by superior and inferior thyroid arteries. It is extremely vascular
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Thyroid Anatomy Posterior aspect Anterior and posterior aspect
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Thyroid produce T3, T4, and calcitonin.
Parathyroid are two pairs(4 in number) located on the back of thyroid. The superior pair is located near the middle of thyroid and the inferior pair at the lower pole on both side. Parathyroid are the size of a grain of rice(3-5mm). It produce parathyroid hormone.
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Normal ultrasound anatomy
Transverse image Color Doppler image
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Longitudinal image of LT lobe
Isthmus
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Imaging modalities used for evaluation of thyroid and parathyroid.
Ultrasound Radionuclide studies CT scan Biopsy Ultrasound/ CT guided
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Ultrasound technique
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High frequency sound wave are used
Patient is supine with hyperextended neck Both right ,left lobes and isthmus are examined Color Doppler is used to see vascularity Transverse and longitudinal images are taken Ultrasound shows anatomical detail of thyroid and adjacent blood vessels and structures. Normal parathyroid can not be seen with U/S, however parathyroid adenoma and cervical nodes involved in thyroid cancer can be sampled
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Radioisotopes study A radionuclide is injected or given orally.
Radioisotope taken up by thyroid/parathyroid Patient is put under the gamma camera to see the uptake Series of images are taken in different projections Radionuclide studies show function. Anatomical details are poor.
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Gama camera
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Normal Normal
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CT images of thyroid CT shows clear anatomy of thyroid gland. Test is done without and with contrast
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Diseases of thyroid Functional disorders. 1. Hyperthyroidism
2. Hypothyroidism Inflammations. 1.Hashimoto 2. Sub acute etc. Nodular disorders simple goiter 2. Multinodular goiter Tumors. 1. Adenoma Carcinoma-Follicular, papillary, Medullary, anaplastic, hurthle cells and secondary
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Hyperthyroidism and gravis disease
Hyper functioning thyroid gland Gravis disease occur in young women. Thyroid gland is hyper functioning and hypervascular
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Inflammations Hashimoto thyroiditis is an autoimmune inflammation. The gland may be hyper functioning or hypo functioning In the these images the gland is diffusely enlarge and inhomogeneous In the image below there is abscess formation in the gland
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Tumors Adenoma is benign tumor. It is hypo echoic well-defined
Carcinoma. Hypo echoic, irregular and infiltrate in to the surrounding tissues. On radionuclide imaging carcinoma is usually cold nodule(no uptake)
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Ultrasound guided biopsy
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Parathyroid Adenoma: is a benign lesion . It is well defined and hypo echoic. It is usually associated with hyperparathyroidism Parathyroid carcinoma. Aggressive lesion irregular hypo echoic. Diagnosis is confirm by biopsy
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