1. Infancy and Childhood (part 2) Chapter 5, Lecture 4 “Deep and longstanding attachments seldom break quickly. Detaching is a process, not an event.” - David Myers

2. Social Development Stranger anxiety is the fear of strangers that develops at around 8 months. This is the age at which infants form schemas for familiar faces and cannot assimilate a new face. © Christina Kennedy/ PhotoEdit

3. Origins of Attachment Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

4. Origins of Attachment Like bodily contact, familiarity is another factor that causes attachment. In some animals (goslings), imprinting is the cause of attachment. Alastair Miller

5. Attachment Differences Placed in a strange situation, 60% of children express secure attachment, i.e., they explore their environment happily in the presence of their mothers. When their mother leave, they show distress. The other 30% show insecure attachment. These children cling to their mothers or caregivers and are less likely to explore the environment.

6. Secure Attachment Relaxed and attentive caregiving becomes the backbone of secure attachment. Berry Hewlett

7. Insecure Attachment Harlow’s studies showed that monkeys experience great anxiety if their terry-cloth mother is removed. Harlow Primate Laboratory, University of Wisconsin

8. Attachment Differences: Why? Why do these attachment differences exist? FactorExplanation Mother Both rat pups and human infants develop secure attachments if the mother is relaxed and attentive. Father In many cultures where fathers share the responsibility of raising children, similar secure attachments develop.

9. Separation Anxiety Separation anxiety peaks at 13 months of age, regardless of whether the children are home or sent to day care.

10. Deprivation of Attachment What happens when circumstances prevent a child from forming attachments? In such circumstances children become: 1.Withdrawn 2.Frightened 3.Unable to develop speech

11. Prolonged Deprivation If parental or caregiving support is deprived for an extended period of time, children are at risk for physical, psychological, and social problems, including alterations in brain serotonin levels. To self-evaluate your own attachment type, look at Handout 5-8.

12. Dimensions of Parenting: Rate Your Caregivers!!! High Low Warmth/Responsiveness Control/Demandingness

13. Dimensions of Parenting Authoritarian parents combine high control with little warmth. They lay down the rules and expect them to be obeyed without discussion. The rules are not explained. Authoritarian parents aim to cultivate hard work, respect, and obedience. Authoritative parents combine high control with high warmth. They exert control not only by setting rules and enforcing them but also by explaining the reasons and, especially with older children, inviting discussion.

14. Dimensions of Parenting Permissive parents offer warmth but little control. Such parents generally accept their children’s behavior, make few demands, and punish them infrequently. Neglectful parents provide neither warmth nor control. They may meet basic physical needs but minimize the amount of time they spend with their children and avoid becoming emotionally involved with them. Each style is associated with different levels of childhood competence…

15. Authoritative Parenting Authoritative parenting correlates with social competence — other factors like common genes may lead to an easy-going temperament and may invoke an authoritative parenting style.

16. Homework Read p.196-206 “…for most people who become parents, a child is one’s biological and social legacy – one’s personal investment in the human future.” - David Myers