1. Renal System

2. Gross structure of the kidneys cortex, medulla (inner and outer zones of outer medulla and papilla or inner medulla), pyramids, renal calyxes and pelvis, ureter. Gross size and weight (300~400 g) of kidneys (about 0.5% of body weight) in humans

3. Anatomy of the Kidney

4. The nephron is the basic unit of renal structure and functions. It has a malpigian corpuscle with a vascular glomerulus within a matrix formed by mesangial cells and an epithelial Bowman’s capsule. The capsule joins a series of tubules starting with the proximal tubule and followed by the loop of Henle the distal tubule.

5. Nephron Glomerulus Bowman’s Capsule Proximal Convoluted Tubule Loop of Henle I. Proximal straight tubule ii. Descending Thin Limb iii. Ascending Thin Limb iv. Distal Straight Tubule Distal Convoluted Tubule

7. 7 glomerulus branch of renal artery Bowman’s capsule branch of renal vein loop DCT PCT collecting duct capillaries

8. 8 glomerulus branch of renal artery Bowman’s capsule branch of renal vein loop DCT PCT collecting duct capillaries

9. Anatomy of the Kidney

10. Formation of Urine The initial step is the formation of a plasma ultrafiltrate (plasma without cells or proteins) at Bowman’s space through the action of hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. The ultrafiltrate flows along the tubules and is modified by reabsorption (sodium salts, glucose, amino acids) and most water from the when of the tubules back into the pennt? Capsule. The luminal fluild is also modified by secretion of solutes from the peritubular (tubule cells) into the lumen.

11. Tubular Secretion and Reabsorption

12. Function of Collecting ducts The collecting ducts make the final fine adjustments in composition of the urine through anti-diuretic hormone stimulated water and urea reabsorption, and aldosterone stimulated Na, K and H transport.

13. Tubular Reabsorption Returns materials from filtrate to blood 99% of filtrate reclaimed – Lose 1.5 – 2 L/day as urine Mechanisms of reabsorption: – Osmosis, Solvent drag, Pinocytosis, Active transport & Diffusion Amounts reabsorbed depends on: – Need for substance & Concentration gradient Proximal convoluted tubule – Always permeable to water, reabsorbs 80% of water passing through – Active Transport Ions-Na, Cl, K, HCO 3 Nutrients – Passive Transport Urea, Lipid-soluble solutes

14. Role of kidney Apart from urine formation Blood pressure from Renin production RBC production from Erythropoietin

15. Arteriole – Small artery Bowman capsule – A cup-shaped capsule surrounding each glomerulus Calyx – Cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis Catheter – A tube for injecting or removing fluids Cortex – Outer region; the renal cortex is the outer region of the kidney Creatine – A waste product of muscle metabolism Electrolyte – A chemical that carries an electrical charge on solution Filtration – Process whereby some substances but not all, pass through a filter or other material Glomerulus – Tiny ball of capillaries in cortex of kidney Kidney Structure

16. Hilum – Depression or pit in that part of an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave Kidney – One of two bean-shaped organs located behind the abdominal cavity on either side of the backbone in the lumbar region Meatus – opening or canal Medulla – Inner region; the renal medulla is the inner region of the kidney Nitrogenous wastes – Substances containing nitrogen and excreted in urine Renal artery – carries blood to the kidney Kidney Structure

17. Renal pelvis - Central blood away from the kidney. Renal tubules - Microscopic tubes in the kidney Renal vein - Carries blood away from the kidney Rennin - A hormone synthesized, stored and secreted by the kidney Sodium (Na+) - A salt (electrolyte) regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys Trigone - Triangular area in the bladder where the ureters enter and the urethra exits Urea - Major nitrogenous waste product excreted in urine Ureter - Tube leading from each kidney to the bladder Urethra - Tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body Uric acid - Nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine Urinary bladder – Sac that holds urine Voiding – Expelling urine (micturation) Glomerulonephritis - Inflammation of the kidney glomerulus (Bright disease) Kidney Structure

18. Interstitial nephritis - Inflammation of the renal interstitium Nephrolithiasis - Kidney stones (renal calculi) Nephrotic syndrome - A group of symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in the urine (also called nephrosis) Polycystic kidneys - Multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and upon the kidney Pyelonephritis - Inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal medulla Renal cell carcinoma - Cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood Renal failure - Failure of the kidney to excrete urine Renal hypertension - High blood pressure resulting from kidney disease Wilms tumor – Malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood Diabetes insipidus - Inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) Diabetes mellitus - Inadequate secretion or improper utilization of insulin Kidney Structure

19. Azot (nitrogenous) Dips Noct (night) Olig (few) Tripsy (crushing) BUN (blood urea nitrogen) IVP KUB (kidney, ureter, bladder) ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) UTI (urinary tract infection) CRF (chronic renal failure?, corticotropin releasing factor?) ARF (acute renal failure?)