1. Elsevier items and derived items © 2007, 2003, 2000 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. Slide 1 Chapter 24 Urinary System

2. Slide 2 Introduction The urinary system consists of organs that make urine, temporarily store it and then eliminate it from the body. The kidneys contain the nephron units that make urine, thereby eliminating waste from the body and regulating water and electrolyte balance.

3. Slide 3 Excretion There are several organs of excretion: kidney, skin, lungs, intestines. The urinary system organs include the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.

4. Slide 4 Kidneys The kidney has three distinct regions: cortex, medulla, pelvis. The kidneys have many functions: excrete nitrogenous waste; regulate blood volume, regulate electrolyte concentration, regulate pH and blood pressure, and stimulate red blood cell production.

5. Slide 5 Urine Making: Nephron Unit The nephron unit is the functional (urine-making) unit of the kidney. The nephron unit is composed of tubular structures and vascular structures.

6. Slide 6 Urine Making: Nephron Unit - cont’d There are three processes in urine formation. – Glomerular filtration filters 180 L of filtrate in 24 hours. – Tubular reabsorption causes the reabsorption of 178.5 L of filtrate. A substance is either completely or incompletely reabsorbed. A substance is either reabsorbed actively or passively. – Tubular secretion causes the secretion of small amounts of specific substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules.

7. Slide 7 Hormones That Work on the Kidneys Aldosterone – Aldosterone stimulates the distal tubule to reabsorb Na + and water and to excrete K +. – The secretion of aldosterone is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.

8. Slide 8 Hormones That Work on the Kidneys - cont’d Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) – ADH stimulates the collecting duct to reabsorb water. – ADH is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to low blood volume and increased concentration of solute in the plasma.

9. Slide 9 Hormones That Work on the Kidneys - cont’d Natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP) inhibit the reabsorption of Na + and water, thereby causing natriuresis and the excretion of water. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates the renal reabsorption of calcium and the excretion of phosphate.

10. Slide 10 Composition of Urine Amount pH Specific gravity Color Abnormal constituents (The characteristics of urine are summarized in Table 24-3.)

11. Slide 11 When the Kidneys Don’t Work The parts of the kidney can be damaged or diseased. Kidney failure causes a syndrome called uremia. Dialysis can prevent uremia.

12. Slide 12 Your Plumbing Ureters: The two ureters are long, slender tubes that carry urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. Urinary Bladder – The urinary bladder is a temporary reservoir that holds the urine. – The detrusor muscle is a smooth muscle responsible for bladder contraction and the elimination of urine.

13. Slide 13 Your Plumbing - cont’d Urinary Bladder—cont’d – There are two sphincters: internal (involuntary) and external (voluntary). – The voluntary elimination of urine is called urination (micturition). The urethra is a tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.