1. CS 106 Introduction to Computer Science I 02 / 26 / 2007 Instructor: Michael Eckmann

2. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2007 Today’s Topics questions, comments? more about programmer defined methods –return type –method name –specifying parameters and their types –how to call a method –when a method finishes executing A few method examples

3. what is a method A method is a piece of a program designed to achieve some specific task and usually returns some piece of information. A method is invoked by a method call. To call a method, you provide its name and the correct arguments that are necessary for the method to execute. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2007

4. example of a programmer-defined method public double salary_after_raise(double curr_sal, double raise_pct ) { double new_sal; new_sal = curr_sal * ( 1 + raise_pct / 100 ); return new_sal; } Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2007

5. example of a programmer-defined method to call this method from some other method within the same class do the following: // example variable declarations... double new_sal; double old_sal = 300; double raise = 4.5; // our call to the salary_after_raise method new_sal = salary_after_raise( old_sal, raise ); Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2007

6. example of a programmer-defined method Let’s look at a complete program that contains this method and calls it. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2007

7. example of a programmer-defined method In our example, the method was called from only one place but in real applications, certain methods will need to be called in many different parts of the program. When certain code can be used in several places in a program, you may want to create a method containing that code. Then, wherever that code would have been, a simple method call appears. They also aid in the ability to understand a program (readability) and make changes. Michael Eckmann - Skidmore College - CS 106 - Spring 2007

8. when does a method's code execute? only when the method is called does it execute --- program control changes to the code in the method –and the values of arguments that are passed into the parameters are then usable within the method All Java applications start at the beginning of the main method. You can think of the main method being implicitly called to start the program. Then if the main method a method call, the code in that method executes and when finished, returns to where it was called.

9. when does a method end it’s execution? when it hits a return; statement when it hits a return some_expression; statement or, when it hits the right curly brace of the method whichever comes first. when the method ends its execution, the program execution continues at the method call

10. more about methods methods that do not return a value are of type void (like the main method.) methods are not required to have any parameters; these are defined with nothing between the parentheses to call a method with no parameters, you must still use the parentheses but with nothing between them Note that the return type of a method can be different than any or all of the types of parameters that get passed in.

11. example method that returns nothing and has no parameters public void print_error_msg() { System.out.println(“Invalid entry.”); System.out.println(“You must reenter.”); } how to call this method: note that there are no arguments nor is there a variable to which to assign the returned value (because it doesn’t return a value.) print_error_msg();

12. example method that returns nothing but has one parameter public void print_msg(String the_msg) { System.out.println(“The message is: ” + the_msg); // note: no return statement since nothing to return // The return type of this method is void. } how to call this method: print_msg(“Good afternoon gentlemen. I am a HAL 9000 computer.”); // name the film.

13. other reasons to create and use methods separation and modularization of ideas is helpful when writing large programs because smaller parts of a problem are easier to solve the individual methods can be tested and confirmed correct to reduce debugging woes methods lend themselves to software reusability less code repetition more readable, better designed code

14. scope the scope of an identifier (for a variable, reference or method) is defined as the portion of the program that can access that identifier the two scopes for identifiers are class scope and block scope class scope starts at the opening left curly brace of a class definition and ends at its corresponding right curly brace block scope refers to identifiers that are accessible from when they are declared until the next right curly brace.

15. variables in methods variables declared in methods are said to be local variables --- they are local to that method they are not usable, nor are they even known outside that method --- they have block scope they are created (memory is allocated for them) on entry into the method they are destroyed (memory for them is marked for deallocation) on exit from the method parameters to the method are also considered local variables to that method.

16. some method terminology the name of the method is salary_after_raise, and the body of the method is the three lines of code between the curly braces. public double salary_after_raise(double curr_sal, double raise_pct) { double new_sal; new_sal = curr_sal * ( 1 + raise_pct / 100 ); return new_sal; }

17. example of local variables in this method, new_sal is a local variable, and the parameters to the method curr_sal and raise_pct are also local variables. public double salary_after_raise(double curr_sal, double raise_pct) { double new_sal; new_sal = curr_sal * ( 1 + raise_pct / 100 ); return new_sal; } they are only known to this method what does that mean “only known to this method”

18. return type and argument types the return type of the method is double, and the two arguments are of type double. public double salary_after_raise(double curr_sal, double raise_pct ) { double new_sal; new_sal = curr_sal * ( 1 + raise_pct / 100 ); return new_sal; } note that the return statement returns the double and this is where the execution of the method ends

19. method calls in the call of the method, two values are passed in to the method as arguments and the value returned by the method call is stored in new_salary double new_salary; double old_salary = 300; double raise = 4.5; // our call to the salary_after_raise method new_salary = salary_after_raise( old_salary, raise );

20. variables passed in as arguments when calling a method the values of variables that are passed into a method as arguments remain unchanged even if the corresponding parameter in the method changes its value, this change is only local to the method, and the value is not “passed back out” of the method. we’ll see this in the factorial method we create.

21. compute_factorial method public int compute_factorial(int num) { int temp_factorial=1; while (num > 0) { temp_factorial = temp_factorial * num; num--; } return temp_factorial; }

22. compute_factorial method this method is a programmer-defined method (we make up the name and the purpose of the method.) the name of the method is: compute_factorial the return type of the method is: int there is one parameter to the method, which is: num (of type int) note that the value of num inside the method changes (it gets decremented in the loop) but this is only a local change the other local variable (temp_factorial) is used to compute the factorial and its value is the one that is returned to the caller.

23. compute_factorial method note that the value of num inside the method changes (it gets decremented in the loop) but this is only a local change Let’s write a quick program to show how the variable that is “passed in” to the method doesn’t actually get changed. We’ll print the parameter variable’s value before and after the call to the method.

24. promotion of argument types if a method is called with arguments of types different from those specified in the parameter list of the method definition, then Java will try to convert the value to the required type. The conversion is done according to Java’s promotion rules Java only allows conversions such that no information would be lost by the type conversion. If information would be lost, then a compiler error would result.

25. promotion of argument types some valid type conversions: –a float can be passed into a method requiring a double –an int can be passed into a method requiring a long, or a float or a double some type conversions that would cause compiler errors: –a float cannot be passed into a method requiring an int –a double cannot be passed into a method requiring a float

26. a method call with the wrong type public int test_value(double input_val) { if (input_val < 0) return –1; else return 1; } Example call in some other method: float length = (float) 3.45; int returned_val; returned_val = test_value(length); // call is allowed: float length is promoted to double;